A steganographic method based upon JPEG and particle swarm optimization algorithm

Steganography is the science that involves communicating secret data in an appropriate multimedia carrier, e.g., image, audio, and video files. It comes under the assumption that if the feature is visible, the point of attack is evident, thus the goal here is always to conceal the very existence of the embedded data. Steganography has various useful applications. However, like any other science it can be used for ill intentions. It has been propelled to the forefront of current security techniques by the remarkable growth in computational power, the increase in security awareness by, e.g., individuals, groups, agencies, government and through intellectual pursuit. Steganography's ultimate objectives, which are undetectability, robustness (resistance to various image processing methods and compression) and capacity of the hidden data, are the main factors that separate it from related techniques such as watermarking and cryptography. This paper provides a state-of-the-art review and analysis of the different existing methods of steganography along with some common standards and guidelines drawn from the literature. This paper concludes with some recommendations and advocates for the object-oriented embedding mechanism. Steganalysis, which is the science of attacking steganography, is not the focus of this survey but nonetheless will be briefly discussed.

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“…Li and Wang [39] presented a steganographic method that modifies the QT and inserts the hidden bits in the middle frequency coefficients.…”

Section: Steganography In the Image Frequency Domainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is defined as: ) ( MSE C log 10 PSNR 2 max 10 (7) where MSE denotes Mean Square Error which is given as: ) ( Many authors [39,42,81,82,83,84], consider C max =255 as a default value for 8-bit images. It can be the case, for instance, that the examined image has only up to 253 or fewer representations of gray colours.…”

Section: Analysis and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital image steganography: Survey and analysis of current methods

et al. 2010

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“…Simply the payload is embedded inside the LSBs. Li and Wang [23] presented a steganographic method that modifies the quantization table (QT) and inserts the hidden bits in the middle frequency coefficients. QT generates 36 coefficients in each 8x8 block that embeds secret data into that yields a reasonable stego.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

CEET: A Compressed Encrypted & Embedded Technique for Digital Image Steganography

Mahajan¹,

Koul²

2014

IOSRJCE

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“…The JPEG format uses a discrete cosine transform to image content transformation. DCT is a widely used tool for frequency transformation [23]. In JPEG image format, message bits are inserted in the DCT (Discrete Cosine Transforms) coefficients.…”

Section: Embedding the Encrypted Message In Image Filementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this representation the Y component corresponds to the luminance (or brightness) and the U and V components stand for chrominance (or colour) [23]. The chrominance coefficients of an image are determined by a 2D grid that has blue to yellow on one axis, and red to green on another [22].…”

Section: Embedding the Encrypted Message In Image Filementioning

confidence: 99%