A steep decline of malaria morbidity and mortality trends in Eritrea between 2000 and 2004: the effect of combination of control methods

Nyarangó, Peter; Gebremeskel, Tewolde; Mebrahtu, Goitom; Mufunda, J; Usman, Abdulmumini; Ogbamariam, Andom; Kosia, Andrew; Gebremichael, A; Dissanayake, Gunawardena; Ghebrat, Yohannes; Okbaldet, Yahannes

doi:10.1186/1475-2875-5-33

Cited by 210 publications

(189 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…[6] The countries with low and stable transmission rates have shown some promising research outcomes with respect to malaria vaccines. [15][16][17][18][19] …”

Section: Historical Development Of Malaria Vaccinementioning

confidence: 98%

Important advances in malaria vaccine research

Jadhav¹,

Shah²,

Jadhav³

2012

Chron Young Sci

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Malaria is one of the most widespread parasitic infection in Asian countries affecting the poor of the poor. In an effort to develop an effective vaccine for the treatment of malaria, various attempts are being made worldwide. If successful, such a vaccine can be effective for treatment of both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum. This would also be able to avoid complications such as drug resistance, resistance to insecticides, nonadherence to the treatment schedule, and eventually high cost of treatment in the resource-limited settings. In the current compilation, the details from the literature were collected by using PubMed and Medline as search engines and searched for terms such as malaria, vaccine, and malaria treatment. This review collates and provides glimpses of the information on the recent malaria vaccine development. The reader will be taken through the historical perspective followed by the approaches to the malaria vaccine development from pre-erythrocytic stage vaccines, asexual stage vaccines, transmission blocking vaccines, etc. Looking at the current scenario of the malaria and treatment strategies, it is an absolute need of an hour that an effective malaria vaccine should be developed. This would bring a revolutionary breakthrough in the treatment modalities especially when there is increasing emergence of resistance to existing drug therapy. It would be of great purpose to serve those living in malaria endemic region and also for travelers which are nonimmune and coming to malaria endemic region. As infection by P. vivax is more prevalent in India and other Asian subcontinent and is often prominent in areas where elimination is being attempted, special consideration is required of the role of vaccines in blocking transmission, regardless of the stages being targeted. Development of vaccines is feasible but with the support of private sector and government organization in terms of regulatory and most importantly financially, being an expensive venture.

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“…[6] The countries with low and stable transmission rates have shown some promising research outcomes with respect to malaria vaccines. [15][16][17][18][19] …”

Section: Historical Development Of Malaria Vaccinementioning

confidence: 98%

Important advances in malaria vaccine research

Jadhav¹,

Shah²,

Jadhav³

2012

Chron Young Sci

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“…Today, 80 years after implementation, these effects are still visible and is becoming increasingly clear that malaria control can be most effective if several tools are applied simultaneously, complementing each other (Nyarango et al 2006). In India, environmental management has been successfully listed as a vector control strategy in urban areas, several industrial complexes, seaport areas, and railways, etc., (IDVC Project 2007).…”

Section: Environmental Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Indonesia, the environmental changes that led to periodic drainage of rice fields and cleaning of fish ponds contributed to the disappearance of malaria in Java (Takken et al 1990), and even, 80 years after implementation, these effects are still visible. It is becoming increasingly clear that malaria control can be most effective if several tools are applied simultaneously, complementing each other (Nyarango et al 2006). Barat (2006) provides an account of four highly notable malaria success stories, in Eritrea, Brazil, India, and Vietnam by the distribution and retreatment of ITNs, environmental management, and health education of community on malaria.…”

Section: Few Success Storiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria vector control: from past to future

et al. 2011

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Malaria is one of the most common vector-borne diseases widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions. Despite considerable success of malaria control programs in the past, malaria still continues as a major public health problem in several countries. Vector control is an essential part for reducing malaria transmission and became less effective in recent years, due to many technical and administrative reasons, including poor or no adoption of alternative tools. Of the different strategies available for vector control, the most successful are indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), including long-lasting ITNs and materials. Earlier DDT spray has shown spectacular success in decimating disease vectors but resulted in development of insecticide resistance, and to control the resistant mosquitoes, organophosphates, carbamates, and synthetic pyrethroids were introduced in indoor residual spraying with needed success but subsequently resulted in the development of widespread multiple insecticide resistance in vectors. Vector control in many countries still use insecticides in the absence of viable alternatives. Few developments for vector control, using ovitraps, space spray, biological control agents, etc., were encouraging when used in limited scale. Likewise, recent introduction of safer vector control agents, such as insect growth regulators, biocontrol agents, and natural plant products have yet to gain the needed scale of utility for vector control. Bacterial pesticides are promising and are effective in many countries. Environmental management has shown sufficient promise for vector control and disease management but still needs advocacy for inter-sectoral coordination and sometimes are very work-intensive. The more recent genetic manipulation and sterile insect techniques are under development and consideration for use in routine vector control and for these, standardized procedures and methods are available but need thorough understanding of biology, ethical considerations, and sufficiently trained manpower for implementation being technically intensive methods. All the methods mentioned in the review that are being implemented or proposed for implementation needs effective inter-sectoral coordination and community participation. The latest strategy is evolution-proof insecticides that include fungal biopesticides, Wolbachia, and Denso virus that essentially manipulate the life cycle of the mosquitoes were found effective but needs more research. However, for effective vector control, integrated vector management methods, involving use of combination of effective tools, is needed and is also suggested by Global Malaria Control Strategy. This review article raises issues associated with the present-day vector control strategies and state opportunities with a focus on ongoing research and recent advances to enable to sustain the gains achieved so far.

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“…The investment of billions of dollars in malaria control efforts is having a significant positive impact, [36][37][38][39][40] reducing the transmission of malaria in some areas, including some sites in sub-Saharan Africa. This has allowed for consideration of elimination of P. falciparum from defined geographic regions and even contemplation of the eventual eradication of malaria (http://www.rbm.…”

Section: Next Stepsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a metabolically active, non-replicating sporozoite vaccine to preventPlasmodium falciparummalaria

Hoffman

Billingsley²,

James³

et al. 2010

Human Vaccines

269

200

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Immunization of volunteers by the bite of mosquitoes carrying radiation-attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites protects greater than 90% of such volunteers against malaria, if adequate numbers of immunizing biting sessions and sporozoite-infected mosquitoes are used. Nonetheless, until recently it was considered impossible to develop, license and commercialize a live, whole parasite P. falciparum sporozoite (PfSPZ) vaccine. In 2003 Sanaria scientists reappraised the potential impact of a metabolically active, non-replicating PfSPZ vaccine, and outlined the challenges to producing such a vaccine. Six years later, significant progress has been made in overcoming these challenges. This progress has enabled the manufacture and release of multiple clinical lots of a 1(st) generation metabolically active, non-replicating PfSPZ vaccine, the Sanaria PfSPZ Vaccine, submission of a successful Investigational New Drug application to the US Food and Drug Administration, and initiation of safety, immunogenicity and protective efficacy studies in volunteers in MD, US. Efforts are now focused on how best to achieve submission of a successful Biologics License Application and introduce the vaccine to the primary target population of African children in the shortest possible period of time. This will require implementation of a systematic, efficient clinical development plan. Short term challenges include optimizing the (1) efficiency and scale up of the manufacturing process and quality control assays, (2) dosage regimen and method of administration, (3) potency of the vaccine, and (4) logistics of delivering the vaccine to those who need it most, and finalizing the methods for vaccine stabilization and attenuation. A medium term goal is to design and build a facility for manufacturing highly potent and stable vaccine for pivotal Phase 3 studies and commercial launch.

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A steep decline of malaria morbidity and mortality trends in Eritrea between 2000 and 2004: the effect of combination of control methods

Cited by 210 publications

References 21 publications

Important advances in malaria vaccine research

Important advances in malaria vaccine research

Malaria vector control: from past to future

Development of a metabolically active, non-replicating sporozoite vaccine to preventPlasmodium falciparummalaria

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