2017
DOI: 10.18489/sacj.v29i3.452
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A State-of-the-Art Survey of Indoor Positioning and Navigation Systems and Technologies

Abstract: The research and use of positioning and navigation technologies outdoors has seen a steady and exponential growth. Based on this success, there have been attempts to implement these technologies indoors, leading to numerous studies. Most of the algorithms, techniques and technologies used have been implemented outdoors. However, how they fare indoors is different altogether. Thus, several technologies have been proposed and implemented to improve positioning and navigation indoors. Among them are Infra… Show more

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Cited by 143 publications
(129 citation statements)
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“…We searched for available MAT solutions to help PVI before and during the shopping process. We found that the shopping process is divided into two parts: the first part is how to prepare the shopping list to make shopping easy and fast; the second part is dealing with how to navigate and identify products during the shopping process, as shown in Figure 2 [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. It is also shown in the figure that MATs during the shopping process are classified into three categories, based on the technology that was used: tag based, Computer Vision (CV) based, and hybrid systems.…”
Section: Mat Solutions For Pvi Shoppingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…We searched for available MAT solutions to help PVI before and during the shopping process. We found that the shopping process is divided into two parts: the first part is how to prepare the shopping list to make shopping easy and fast; the second part is dealing with how to navigate and identify products during the shopping process, as shown in Figure 2 [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. It is also shown in the figure that MATs during the shopping process are classified into three categories, based on the technology that was used: tag based, Computer Vision (CV) based, and hybrid systems.…”
Section: Mat Solutions For Pvi Shoppingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The indoor positioning systems are based on various signal technologies, for example Radio-frequency Identification (RFID), radio-based Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN), Ultra-Wideband (UWB), Infrared (IR), ultrasound or images (vision-based systems). An overview of different systems is given amongst others in Blankenbach (2017) or Sakpere, Adeyeye-Oshin, and Mlitwa (2017). For example, RFID is used for the position determination of objects or pedestrians (Ni et al 2003;Hightower, Want, and Borriello 2000;Xu et al 2017).…”
Section: State Of the Artmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Various standards of the positioning technologies [6,[22][23][24], for example, the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Channel State Information (CSI), fingerprinting/scene analysis, Angle of Arrival (AoA), Time of Arrival (ToA), Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA), Return Time of Flight (RToF), and Phase of Arrival (PoA) of the received signal, have been proposed to enhance the indoor positioning accuracy. We adapted from [6,25,26] to summarize the signal properties, as shown in Table 1.…”
Section: A Comparison Of the Radio Frequency (Rf-based) Indoor Positimentioning
confidence: 99%