A state-of-the-art review on single drop study in liquid–liquid extraction: Experiments and simulations

Automation of a Procedure for the Experimental Investigation of Liquid‐Liquid Phase Separation

“…8, the decrease of phase separation time by increasing the operating temperature shows an asymptotic behavior. By an increase of operating temperature from 22.0 ± 0.0 to 43.3 ± 1.6°C, the phase separation time decreases approximately by factor 2, from 84.5 ± 1.2 to 47.3 ± 0.2 s. An increase of operating temperature from 22.0 ± 0.0 to 99.2 ± 0.4°C results in a decrease of phase separation time by factor 3.5, from 84.5 ± 1.2 to 24.5 ± 0.0 s. The change in phase separation behavior by increasing the operating temperature can be explained by the temperature dependence of physicochemical substance properties, e.g., density, viscosity, and interfacial tension [9][10][11][12]. In future work, the effect of temperature on phase separation behav- ior of liquid-liquid dispersions should be investigated systematically to establish a causal connection between operating temperature and phase separation behavior.…”

Dynamic Characteristic Analysis of a Single Droplet in a Liquid‐Liquid Concave‐Wall Jet

“…The governing equations employed for LES were obtained by filtering the Navier-Stokes equations [35]. The sub-grid stress term t ij 1) of this simulation was obtained by the Smagorinsky-Lilly sub-grid model [36]. Based on the assumption that the filtered small-scale pulsations were locally balanced, the subgrid Reynolds stress model used in the study is determined by…”

“…The properties of the discrete phase can be understood and a deeper forecast and evaluation of the separation are provided. Zhang et al [1] proposed that the mass transfer between two liquid phases is mainly affected by the complex fluid dynamics caused by the interface movement. The study of Chen et al [2] showed that the phenomenon of droplets coalescenceing under water was rarely found because the formation of hydrogen bonds was accelerated by the interaction between the CCl 4 surface and the water molecules.…”

Tropfenbewegung und Stofftransport in technischen Flüssig/flüssig‐Systemen. Teil 1: Einzeltropfensedimentation ohne Grenzflächeneffekte

“…Eine Übersicht über numerische Betrachtungen und die zugrunde liegenden numerischen Ansätze zur Einzeltropensedimentation ist in Zhang et al. 11 zu finden. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass im Falle eines konjugierten Problems in der Regel eine aufwendigere numerische Evaluierung nötig ist 1 und die Additionsregel zur Berechnung des Stoffdurchgangskoeffizienten k d gemäß Gl.…”

“…Übersichten zu numerischen und experimentellen Einzeltropfenstudien geben ebenfalls Saien und Jafari 3 sowie Zhang et al. 11.…”