“…If public policy sectors are to play their part in adaptation, then the constituent government departments, agencies and authorities are key learning locations (adapted from Handmer and Dovers 2008). It is therefore surprising that while statements are made about policy-makers and politicians playing a crucial role in the framing of climate adaptation issues and responses (van Nieuwaal, et al, 2009), there is a paucity of research that has explicitly explored the role of policy administrators (particularly middle and street-level bureaucrats) in questions of the adaptive capacity of public sectors.…”
Section: Research Rationalementioning
confidence: 99%
“…A growing body of work suggests that cognitive frames and beliefs influence and are influenced by the structure and function of social networks (Lizardo, 2010;McLean, 1998;Sabatier & Zafonte, 1995 (Jordan & O'Riordan, 2005;van Nieuwaal, et al, 2009). People tend to take the word of those whom they trust on issues of credibility regarding empirical claims and supporting data; and the people they trust tend to be those who share their values (Kahan & Braman, 2006).…”
Section: 54b the Role Network In Reflexive Learningmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Governments have a lot of knowledge, but they rarely know what they know (Huber, 1991:100). Without inter and intra-networks, decisions can be made without the involvement of anyone that has a deep knowledge of the issue (Mulgan, 2009) community (Haas, 1992;Hall, 1993;Sabatier, 1999;Scharpf, 2000;Schmidt, 2008), information may move freely within the sector, but the information that moves is reinforcing an ideological echo-chamber (Zuckerman, 2008 (Jordan & O'Riordan, 2005;van Nieuwaal, et al, 2009).…”
“…If public policy sectors are to play their part in adaptation, then the constituent government departments, agencies and authorities are key learning locations (adapted from Handmer and Dovers 2008). It is therefore surprising that while statements are made about policy-makers and politicians playing a crucial role in the framing of climate adaptation issues and responses (van Nieuwaal, et al, 2009), there is a paucity of research that has explicitly explored the role of policy administrators (particularly middle and street-level bureaucrats) in questions of the adaptive capacity of public sectors.…”
Section: Research Rationalementioning
confidence: 99%
“…A growing body of work suggests that cognitive frames and beliefs influence and are influenced by the structure and function of social networks (Lizardo, 2010;McLean, 1998;Sabatier & Zafonte, 1995 (Jordan & O'Riordan, 2005;van Nieuwaal, et al, 2009). People tend to take the word of those whom they trust on issues of credibility regarding empirical claims and supporting data; and the people they trust tend to be those who share their values (Kahan & Braman, 2006).…”
Section: 54b the Role Network In Reflexive Learningmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Governments have a lot of knowledge, but they rarely know what they know (Huber, 1991:100). Without inter and intra-networks, decisions can be made without the involvement of anyone that has a deep knowledge of the issue (Mulgan, 2009) community (Haas, 1992;Hall, 1993;Sabatier, 1999;Scharpf, 2000;Schmidt, 2008), information may move freely within the sector, but the information that moves is reinforcing an ideological echo-chamber (Zuckerman, 2008 (Jordan & O'Riordan, 2005;van Nieuwaal, et al, 2009).…”
“…Furthermore, economic values (profit, employment) often have more weight than softer values, such as the quality of the living environment in urban neighborhoods and benefits for the long term. This makes it extremely difficult to combine long-term goals, such as climateproof neighborhoods, with short-term goals [57].…”
Section: Barriers For Climate Adaptation In Citiesmentioning
Cities in deltas are vulnerable to climate change, especially their unembanked neighborhoods that are not protected by dikes. Rising sea levels and extreme water levels in the rivers can lead to the flooding of these urban areas. The Netherlands has a long history in water management. However, building dikes and the elevation of land are traditionally treated as rather stand-alone measures. Attention is rarely paid to the surrounding area, let alone to the complex context of cities and certainly not to disadvantaged neighborhoods. Yet, inner-city area redevelopment may provide opportunities to integrate flood management in these planning processes. In order to investigate the support of stakeholders for risk-reducing adaptive measures and more resilient measures, we did research in an unembanked inner-city area in the city of Rotterdam (The Netherlands), in which we conducted in-depth interviews with the central stakeholders. The main conclusion is that the most important barriers for integrating climate adaptation measures into that neighborhood are the fragmentation of water-safety policy (e.g. elevation of rebuilding locations) and the hierarchical governance arrangement in water management. This type of fragmentation led on its turn to fragmentation with other policy goals for the neighborhood. It also led to fragmentation between different areas in the same neighborhood that received political attention and those that are excluded from water-safety policy. This questions the approach in terms of social justice. An important side effect is that this governance arrangement also restricted innovation towards climate adaptation. Therefore, integrating water-safety policies in urban planning (in its capacity as a more integrative and comprehensive spatial approach) should be considered the best option to increase the adaptive capacity in delta cities. Not only can the negative effects in terms of policy fragmentation be dealt with effectively, but also spatial fragmentation can be tackled.
“…The breadth of possible adjustments in different systems is vast, multifaceted, and often taking place for reasons beyond just climate change. The breadth and nature of these adjustments leads van Nieuwaal et al (2009:8) In establishing that adaptation is a matter of governance, van Nieuwaal et al (2009) draw on the popular narrative of shifting from "government to governance" to convey the decade-long trend away from top-down government to less formalized forms of governance. Several types or models of governance exist, e.g., state, market, and community, which often come together or hybridize in practice (Glasbergen 1998, Lemos andAgrawal 2006).…”
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