A state of the art of semi-flexible pavements: Introduction, design, and performance

Investigation of Strength and Fatigue Life of Rubber Asphalt Mixture

“…Most of the design methods of asphalt pavement structures in the world use the mechanics-experience method, which uses mechanical methods to calculate the load response of the pavement structure. It uses homogeneous and isotropic linear elastic mechanics as the mechanical model for structural response calculation [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. The strength, stiffness, and fatigue parameters are essential parameters in calculating the load response and establishing the mechanical model, which plays a vital role in the design of the pavement structure.…”

Cementitious Grouts Containing Irradiated Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate

“…Semi-flexible pavement surface (SFPS) material (also known as grouted macadam) is designed as an open-graded asphalt mixture (OGAM) with 25-35% air voids and then cement grout is infused into the voids [2,7,[14][15][16][17]. However, few researchers advised the range of air voids to be 20-35% [18,19]. It is a well-known fact that the major demerits of rigid pavements are extended construction time and provision of joints to allow thermal expansion as compared to flexible pavements.…”

“…It is a well-known fact that the major demerits of rigid pavements are extended construction time and provision of joints to allow thermal expansion as compared to flexible pavements. Therefore, the semi-flexible pavements are gaining popularity from last few decades and are devised as a jointless pavement with reduced time of construction, easy to repair and construct as well as offers good serviceability and riding quality as compared to rigid pavements [18,20,21]. This new type of pavements possesses both flexibility and rigidity which depends on characteristics of the bituminous mixture and cement grout, respectively.…”

“…This new type of pavements possesses both flexibility and rigidity which depends on characteristics of the bituminous mixture and cement grout, respectively. Moreover, SFPS provides superior resistance to rutting and are not susceptible to permanent deformation [18]. Semi-flexible pavements have been constructed in various countries as a highway intersection, bus lanes in urban areas, tunnels roads, the pavement in industrial area for the movement of heavy machinery, airport taxiways and aprons as fuel and spillage resistance [15,16,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27].…”

“…The construction is normally carried out in two consecutive days, the reason is to allow the OGAM to cool down before applying the cement grouts. Rubber scraper can be used to spread the grout on the surface [18,20]. The schematic representation of this process is demonstrated in Figure 1.…”