A standardized nomenclature and atlas of the male terminalia ofDrosophila melanogaster

Abstract

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An Atlas of Transcription Factors Expressed in Male Pupal Terminalia ofDrosophila melanogaster

“…The epandrial ventral lobe (EVL, also called the lateral plate) is a periphallic structure lateral to the phallus (Rice et al 2019b). The epandrial posterior lobe (hereafter referred to as the posterior lobe) develops from the EVL (Glassford et al 2015) and is a key diagnostic feature of the melanogaster clade (Coyne 1983; Markow and O’Grady 2005).…”

“…The surstylus (also known as the clasper) is a curled outgrowth located medial to the EVL (Rice et al 2019b). Like the posterior lobe, the surstylus exhibits morphological differences between species of the melanogaster subgroup (Bock and Wheeler 1972), and has been the focus of quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping efforts (True et al 1997; Tanaka et al 2015).…”

“…The cercus (anal plate) is composed of two flat, semicircular sheets of cuticle on the dorsal side of the terminalia (Rice et al 2019b). The cercus is derived from abdominal segment 10 while the rest of the male terminalia originate from abdominal segment 9 (Keisman et al 2001).…”

“…The hypandrium is a plate-like structure that flanks the phallus on the ventral side (Rice et al 2019b). The hypandrium contains several substructures, including the hypandrial phragma, medial gonocoxite, pregonites, lateral gonocoxites, and transverse rod (Figure 1C).…”

“…The adult male terminalia (comprising both the genitalia and analia) of D. melanogaster are subdivided into five main structures, following recently revised nomenclature (Rice et al 2019b): the hypandrium, phallus, surstylus (clasper), epandrial ventral lobe (EVL, also known as the lateral plate), and cercus (also known as the anal plate) (Figure 1A). By 28 hr after puparium formation (APF), four structures can be distinguished in the developing terminalia: hypandrium, phallus, cercus, and the tissue which will give rise to the EVL and surstylus (Figure 1B).…”