A Standardization of Terminology for the Morphological Description of Corn Seedlings

Onderdonk, J. J.; Ketcheson, J. W.

doi:10.4141/cjps72-172

Cited by 13 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 3 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Therefore, the internode between leaf I and leaf 2 would be called the second leaf internode, the internode between leaf 2 and leaf 3 would be called the third leaf internode, and so on. Onderdonk and Ketcheson (1972) reviewed the grass embryo and seedling terminology controversy and presented a numbering system for describing the structures of a corn seedling. While this system defines the number of the nodes and internodes of the corn seedling, much information is lost concerning the location and characteristics ofthe nodes and internodes.…”

Section: Historical and Suggested Terminologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Observations: Standardized Terminology for Structures Resulting in Emergence and Crown Placement of 3 Perennial Grasses

Ries¹,

Hofmann²

1991

Journal of Range Management

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A significant problem we encountered in grass establishment research was confusion in the literature over seedling structures and terminology. From review of the historical literature and our observations of growth-chamber grown sideoats grama [&I&loua curtipen&~ (Michx.) Torr.], western wheatgrass [Agropyron smithii Rydb.; new cytogenetic = Pascopyron smithii Rydb. (LSve)], and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) seed-Ungs, we suggest standard structures and terminology for grass seedlings. The nodes of a grass seedling are defined as the scutellar node, coleoptilar node, and leaf nodes named in sequence from first to last. The internode between the scutellar and coleoptilar nodes is termed the mesocotyl. The internode that develops inside the coleoptile between the coleoptilar and first leaf nodes is defined as the first leaf internode. Subsequent internodes are named for the leaf node immediately above; e.g., second leaf internode. Using these structures and terminology we found the "mechanism" of emergence for these grass seedlings from a 25-mm seeding depth was elongation of the mesocotyl (when expressed) and elongation of the coleoptile. Sideoats grama had a long mesocotyl and short coleoptiie; western wheatgrass lacked or had a short mesocotyl and a long coleoptile; and smooth bromegrass had intermediate mesocotyl and coleoptile lengths. The "mechanism" of crown placement for seedlings that emerged and survived from a Q-mm seeding depth was non-elongation or elongation of the mesocotyl and leaf internodes. The crowns of sideoats grama seedlings were at the coleoptilar node, which was close to the soil surface. Western wheatgrass seedlings have their crowns near planting depth, usually at the coleoptilar node. Smooth bromegrass crowns were at variable depths because of variable elongation of the mesocotyl and leaf internodes.Terminology for morphological structures of developing grass seedlings remains confusing because of the historical controversy regarding the nature. of the parts of the grass embryo and associated terminology (Esau 1977). A standardized terminology for grass seedling structures would improve communications and understanding of grass seedling development, better describe the location of nodes and internodes for young grass seedlings, and clearly contrast similarities and differences between grass seedlings.This paper reviews the historical development of the terminology describing grass seedling morphology and suggests standardized structures and terminology for grass seedlings. This terminology is used to characterize the morphological development resulting in emergence and crown placement of growth-chamber grown sideoats grama, western wheatgrass, and smooth bromegrass seedlings.Authors are range scientist and research agronomist, USDA-AR.% Northern Great

show abstract

Section: Historical and Suggested Terminologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Observations: Standardized Terminology for Structures Resulting in Emergence and Crown Placement of 3 Perennial Grasses

Ries¹,

Hofmann²

1991

Journal of Range Management

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…We have defined the node immediately above the first elonga1ted internode as the "identifying node" (IN) and have equated the node number of the IN with the leaf number attached to it. However, for developmental accuracy, the actual node number is equal to leaf number plus two; i.e., the sheath of leaf number 1 is attached to developmental node three (8).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower Stalk Development and Staging of Corn¹

Hicks¹,

Peterson²

1978

Agronomy Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Hail insurance adjustors determine corn (Zea mays L.) leaf stages after leaf number one has deteriorated and prior to tassel emergence by examining the longitudinal section of the lower stalk. They assume the sheath of leaf five is attached to the node immediately above the first elongated internode and determine leaf stage by” counting the leaves above leaf five. Since the leaf area destroyed vs. grain yield loss chart is based on plants with 18 leaves, adjustors modify the leaf stage on earlymaturing hybrids which develop fewer than 18 leaves. To test these techniques of plant staging, we conducted field experiments during 1973–75 to determine the effect of hybrid maturity, planting date, plant density, and geographical location on lower stalk morphology and leaf development of hybrids adapted to the northern corn belt. Experiments were conducted at Lamberton, Minn. on a Webster clay loam (Typic Haplaquoll), St. Paul, Minn. on a Waukegan silt loam (Typic Hapludoll), and Staples, Minn. on a Sverdrup sandy loam (Udic Haplaboroll). Leaf number five (counting the leaf with the rounded tip as number one) was spot sprayed with red paint. Subsequently the 10th leaf was similarly identified before leaf number five sloughed from the plant. At tasseling, plants were dug and stalks split to identify and record the leaf number attached to the node immediately above the first elongated internode. The number of leaves developed, number of leaves on the plant at tasseling, and length of the first four elongated internodes were recorded. In 2 of the 3 years, early planted corn had 0.5 to 0.8 more unelongated internodes compared with late planted corn. The number of unelongated internodes was negatively correlated (r = −0.99) with both heat units (base 10 C) and summation of maximum soil temperature (5 cm depth) for the 2nd week after planting. Hybrid maturity, density, and geographical location had no effect on the number of unelongated internodes. Number of developed leaves and number of leaves at tasseling increased as relative maturity increased in 2 of the 3 years. Averaged over entries, the lower 6.4 leaves sloughed as the stem enlarged and aerial adventitious roots developed. Number of developed leaves was greater for early planted compared with late planted corn but was not affected by test location or plant density. Lengths of the four lowest elongated internodes were greatest for early hybrids and decreased as maturity approached full season. The first elongated internode was longer on early planted than on late planted corn in 1974. Our data indicate early planted corn could be “understaged” by approximately one leaf by using the current procedure of splitting the lower stalk and assuming leaf five is attached to the node immediately above the first elongated internode. Understaging would result in underpayment of a hail loss claim. The early maturing hybrids develop fewer than 18 leaves. Therefore, the leaf stage should be modified (as is currently done) when adjusting loss claims on hybrids which develop f...

show abstract

The Place of Roots in Plant Development

Barlow

Palma

1997

Biology of Root Formation and Development

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A Standardization of Terminology for the Morphological Description of Corn Seedlings

Cited by 13 publications

References 3 publications

Research Observations: Standardized Terminology for Structures Resulting in Emergence and Crown Placement of 3 Perennial Grasses

Research Observations: Standardized Terminology for Structures Resulting in Emergence and Crown Placement of 3 Perennial Grasses

Lower Stalk Development and Staging of Corn¹

The Place of Roots in Plant Development

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

A Standardization of Terminology for the Morphological Description of Corn Seedlings

Cited by 13 publications

References 3 publications

Research Observations: Standardized Terminology for Structures Resulting in Emergence and Crown Placement of 3 Perennial Grasses

Research Observations: Standardized Terminology for Structures Resulting in Emergence and Crown Placement of 3 Perennial Grasses

Lower Stalk Development and Staging of Corn1

The Place of Roots in Plant Development

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Lower Stalk Development and Staging of Corn¹