A standard leaching test, including solid phase extraction, for the determination of PAH leachability from waste materials

Bauw, D.H.; Wilde, Peer; Rood, G.A.; Aalbers, Th.G.

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(91)90048-i

Cited by 28 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Less than 3% was translocated from the surface layer within both soils in agreement with the observed low mobility of PAH fractions in column experiments (Enell et al, 2004;Bauw et al, 1991). In batch experiments, Kim and Osako (2003) observed leaching amounts of 1.7% for phenanthrene and 3.9% for pyrene from sandy soils.…”

Section: Pah Distribution In the Soil Columnssupporting

confidence: 79%

Soil mobility of surface applied polyaromatic hydrocarbons in response to simulated rainfall

Revitt

Balogh

Jones

2013

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are emitted from a variety of sources and can accumulate on and within surface soil layers. To investigate the level of potential risk posed by surface contaminated soils, vertical soil column experiments were conducted to assess the mobility, when leached with simulated rainwater, of six selected PAHs (naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(e)pyrene and benzo(ghi)perylene) with contrasting hydrophobic characteristics and molecular weights/sizes. The only PAH found in the leachate within the experimental period of 26 days was naphthalene. The lack of migration of the other applied PAHs were consistent with their low mobilities within the soil columns which generally parallelled their log K oc values. Thus only 2.3% of fluoranthene, 1.8% of pyrene, 0.2% of benzo(e)pyrene and 0.4% of benzo(ghi)perylene were translocated below the surface layer. The PAH distributions in the soil columns followed decreasing power relationships with 90% reductions in the starting levels being shown to occur within a maximum average depth of 0.94 cm compared to an average starting depth of 0.5 cm. A simple predictive model identifies the extensive time periods, in excess of 10 years, required to mobilise 50% of the benzo(e)pyrene and benzo(ghi)perylene from the surface soil layer. Although this reduces to between 2 and 7 years for fluoranthene and pyrene, it is concluded that the possibility of surface applied PAHs reaching and contaminating a groundwater aquifer is unlikely.

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Section: Pah Distribution In the Soil Columnssupporting

confidence: 79%

Soil mobility of surface applied polyaromatic hydrocarbons in response to simulated rainfall

Revitt

Balogh

Jones

2013

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…mediately following the filtration step see Fig. 1 Bauw . et al, 1991;Capangpangan et al, 1996 dissolved in organic-free water.…”

Section: Us Environmental Protection Agency Assessment Technique Fomentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of toxicity and genotoxicity of hydrophobic organic compounds in wastewater

Pardos¹,

Blaise²

1999

Environ. Toxicol.

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This review highlights and discusses current state of the art and limitations in evaluation and assessment of potential (geno)toxic impact of particle‐bound hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in wastewaters on receiving ecosystems. Despite extensive work on whole effluent toxicity testing and concomitant development of protocols for identifying chemical toxicants, little has been done to develop procedures and protocols to identify (geno)toxicity of the particle phase from industrial or municipal wastewaters. Some studies, however, have shown that particulate matter is of considerable importance in the delivery of genotoxins to receiving waters. Further, it has been suggested that such particle‐bound HOCs deposited in receiving waters often result in long‐term environmental impact. As a consequence, particle‐bound HOCs (geno)toxins should be recognized as an important potential hazard. The sparsity of work leads to suggestion of further research to improve understanding of the contribution of these particle‐bound pollutants from liquid wastes and their specific role in aquatic ecosystems. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 14: 241–247, 1999

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“…Leaching tests for heavy metals are well developed and standardized (DIN 38404 1984;EN 12457 2002;prCEN/TS 14405;prCEN/TS 14429) and some techniques have been tested for investigating leaching of organic contaminants from soils and waste products (US EPA 1992;Bauw et al 1991;Reemtsma and Mehrtens 1997;DIN V 19736 1998). Current approaches to assess the leaching behavior of organic contaminants in legislation are batch tests (US EPA 1992;DIN 38404 1984;EN 12457 2002) and these does sometimes introduce unaccounted issues difficult to interpret.…”

Section: Pahmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Soil column experiments are a widely used technique to assess the mobility of organic contaminants, yet there is a lack of reliable techniques for estimation of a pore water concentration of the contaminants of interest. Flow through column systems are a commonly used approach for determining potential leaching of contaminants (Bauw et al 1991;Reemtsma and Mehrtens 1997;Weiß 1998;DIN V 19736 1998;Enell et al 2004). However, there is a risk that non-equilibrium conditions do not allow for a reliable estimation of an equilibrium pore-water concentration as discussed thoroughly in studies of sorption processes (Pignatello and Xing 1996;Luthy et al 1997;Grathwohl 1998).…”

Section: Pahmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of Solute Organic Concentration in Contaminated Soils Using a Chemical-equilibrium Soil Column System

Gamst

Kjeldsen

Christensen

2007

Water Air Soil Pollut

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Groundwater risk assessment of contaminated soils implies determination of the solute concentration leaching out of the soil. Determination based on estimation techniques or simple experimental batch approach has proven inadequate. Two chemical equilibrium soil column leaching tests for determination of solute concentration in a contaminated soil were developed; (1) a chemical Equilibrium and Recirculation column test for Volatile organic chemicals (ER-V) and (2) a chemical Equilibrium and Recirculation column test for Hydrophobic organic chemicals (ER-H). The two test systems were evaluated using two soils with different content of organic carbon (f oc of 1.5 and 6.5%, respectively). A quadruple blind test of the ER-V system using glass beads in stead of soil showed an acceptable recovery (65-85%) of all of the 11 VOCs tested. Only for the most volatile compound (heptane, K H ∼80) an unacceptable recovery was found (9%). The contact time needed for obtaining chemical equilibrium was tested in the ER-H system by performing five test with different duration (1, 2, 4, 7 and 19 days) using the low organic carbon soil. Seven days of contact time appeared sufficient for achieving a solute equilibrium concentration. The repeatability of both test systems (evaluated by performing five identical tests) was considered acceptable (8-16% and 7-28% for the ER-V and ER-H system, respectively). Comparing determined solute concentration in both systems for volatile and hydrophobic chemicals with estimated concentrations using an K ow -K oc relation and determined total soil concentrations, large differences between measured and estimated solute concentrations were observed, especially for the hydrophobic chemicals (PAHs). This clearly illustrates the need for a reliable method to measure solute phase concentration of PAHs in contaminated soils. Overall a reliable and reproducable system for determining solute concentration of a wide range of organic compounds in contaminated soils has been developed.

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A standard leaching test, including solid phase extraction, for the determination of PAH leachability from waste materials

Cited by 28 publications

References 5 publications

Soil mobility of surface applied polyaromatic hydrocarbons in response to simulated rainfall

Soil mobility of surface applied polyaromatic hydrocarbons in response to simulated rainfall

Assessment of toxicity and genotoxicity of hydrophobic organic compounds in wastewater

Determination of Solute Organic Concentration in Contaminated Soils Using a Chemical-equilibrium Soil Column System

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