A Standard Definition of Stuttering

Wingate, Marcel E.

doi:10.1044/jshd.2904.484

Cited by 239 publications

(91 citation statements)

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“…In particular, mention has been made of the fact that the two response classes of stuttering and interjections tended to covary across most conditions of the two experiments. It might be recalled that Wingate (1964) categorized the class of behaviors referred to here as "stuttering" as the "core" feature of that disorder, and interjections as an "accessory" feature.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to core stuttering behavior, Wingate's (1964) definition includes certain "accessory" features. These are not considered to be universal characteristics of stuttering, although they are regarded as being important to the adequate description of the disorder in any particular individual.…”

Section: Speech Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wingate's (1964) "standard definition" provided the basis for identifying stuttering. Specifically, any occurrence of an audible sound or syllable repetition, a silent or audible prolongation, or audible activity signifying "struggle" was identified as a "moment of stuttering."…”

Section: Speech Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Behavioral Self‐control of Stuttering Using Time‐out From Speaking

James

1981

J of App Behav Analysis

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Research has shown that stuttering may be attenuated by a variety of response-contingent consequences. To date, however, few attempts have been made to develop comprehensive clinical procedures based on the operant manipulation of stuttering. The present research examined the efficacy of self-initiated response-contingent time-out from speaking in two exeperiments involving a single subject. Multiple baseline designs were used in which the subject's speech was monitored in a variety of laboratory and community settings. In Experiment 1, the time-out procedure produced reliable reductions in disfluency across all observational settings. Experiment 2 combined a response-cost contingency with time-out in an attempt to increase the reliability with which the subject timed himself out, and to increase further the effectiveness of the procedure. Increases in reliability were produced, and the associated improvements in fluency were maintained at 6-and 12-months' follow-up.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Speech Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Behavioral Self‐control of Stuttering Using Time‐out From Speaking

James

1981

J of App Behav Analysis

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“…However, an accurate differential diagnosis appears to be difficult to obtain because the characteristics of the incipient stutterer and the normally disfluent child tend to overlap (Wingate, 1964). The literature indicates that most children, between the ages of two and six, go through a period of normal disfluencies while others become incipient stutterers (Johnson, 1959;Van Riper, 1971).…”

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confidence: 99%

Disfluencies in normal three-year-old and five-year-old male children

Christianson¹

2000

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Just as a speech-language pathologist uses knowledge of normal language development to make a diagnosis of language delay, normative data on fluency development can be used to make a differential diagnosis of normal disfluency from fluency disorders. Data at each discrete age level on normal disf luency is an important aspect in understanding the development of fluency.The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency of specific disf luencies in 3 year old and 5 year old normal 2 male children in terms of part-word repetitions, word repetitions, phrase repetitions, interjections, revisionincomplete phrases, disrhythmic phonations and tense pauses.The disfluencies were observed while each child spontaneously interacted with an investigator in a clinical room. Two questions were addressed:1. Do three-year-old male children exhibit a higher overall frequency of disfluencies than five-yearold male children? 2. Do three-year-old male children exhibit a greater frequency of certain disf luencies than five-yearold male children? Twenty normal preschool male children comprised the subjects of this study. All children were randomly selected from the greater Portland area and passed the selection criteria. The children were of two groups:10 three-yearold male children (x=36 months) and 10 five-year-old children (x=60 months). After spontaneous speech samples were obtained and recorded from each subject, the investigator transcribed the text verbatim and categorized seven types of disfluencies. The Mann-Whitney U Test (Siegel, 1956) was used to analyze the data. The results indicated that a statistically significant difference on the total disfluency did not exist between the two age groups.Results indicated that at the 0.05 level of confidence, a statistical significance did exist for interjections. Male children in the five-year-old age group evidenced a higher number of interjections than the three-year-old children.No other statistically significant differences were found.The results yielded the following conclusions: 3 1. The three-year-old children did not exhibit a higher overall frequency of disfluencies than the five-year-old children. Although no statistical difference was found, the data indicated that the five-year-old children exhibited a higher overall frequency than the three-year-old children.2. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of occurrence of part-word repetitions, word repetitions, and phrase repetitions exhibited by the two age groups of normal male children.3. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of occurrence of revisionincomplete phrases, tense pauses, and disrhythmic phonations.

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“…It is out of context here to deal with this in detail, but a few of these definitions will be discussed briefly. According to the international classification of disease (World Health Organization, 1981, p. 86-87), stuttering is 'a disorder in the rhythm of speech, in which the individual knows precisely what he wishes to say but at the time is unable to say it because of involuntary repetitive prolongation and/or cessation of sound'' Wingate (1964Wingate ( & 1969 describes stuttering as a fluency failure of dysfluency. In the 1964 article he gives some remarks on the definition of stuttering up to that time; "The definitions of stuttering vary at different levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Speech-Language Pathology Situation in Palestine: Focus on Stuttering

Adam¹

2013

JSEL

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Stuttering is a formidable communication disorder and, despite extensive studies, there is still considerable disagreement and controversy over the possible causes, diagnosis and treatment. The situation of stuttering assessment and treatment in Palestine is far from satisfactory. There are only two available centres in Ramalla and Beit Jala. However, for many people these centres might be difficult to travel to because of the distance and the cost of travel. Competent speech pathologists are not always specialised in stuttering and most of the people have no access to speech pathology clinics.

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A Standard Definition of Stuttering

Cited by 239 publications

References 0 publications

Behavioral Self‐control of Stuttering Using Time‐out From Speaking

Behavioral Self‐control of Stuttering Using Time‐out From Speaking

Disfluencies in normal three-year-old and five-year-old male children

The Speech-Language Pathology Situation in Palestine: Focus on Stuttering

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