“…CHLPs have also been studied under a game theoretic framework, such as Stackelberg hub location models, cooperative game theoretic models with alliances and mergers, and non-cooperative game theoretic models (see Adler and Smilowitz, 2007;Lin and Lee, 2010;Asgari et al, 2013;Sasaki et al, 2014;Contreras, 2015). We note that HNDPPs can be clearly differentiated from CHLPs, as the focus of the former is to optimize the individual decision related to one single firm rather than on competition aspects.…”