A stable late soleus EMG response elicited by cortical stimulation during voluntary ankle dorsiflexion

Ertekin, Çumhur; Ertaş, Mustafa; Efendı, Hüsnü; Larsson, Lars‐Erik; Şirin, Hadiye; Araç, Nilgün; Toygar, Aytaç; Demir, Yılmaz

doi:10.1016/0924-980x(95)00038-0

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…However, given that no changes were detected in T reflex responses, the SLR is unlikely to be of the same origin as T reflex (Bawa et al., 2002; Sammut et al., 1995). This evidence favours the supposition that the SLR might reflect a polysynaptic response related to postural balance control (Ertekin et al., 1995; Kurokawa‐Kuroda et al., 2007; Sakihara et al., 2003). The suggested pathway(s) involved in the generation of the polysynaptic SLR include cerebello‐thalamo‐cortical pathways activating cortico‐spinal or cortico‐bulbo‐spinal networks that indirectly activate spinal motoneurons (Kurokawa‐Kuroda et al., 2007; Kuypers, 2011; Suga et al., 2001).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…To evoke the SLR, TMS pulses were superimposed while participants performed submaximal voluntary isometric dorsiflexions to increase reliability of the SLR. Participants performed 3‐ to 5‐s voluntary dorsiflexions to the same absolute TA RMS level of ~10 ± 2% of the maximum TA RMS obtained during PREP (Ertekin et al., 1995; Sammut et al., 1995). Ten submaximal voluntary dorsiflexions were completed, with 8‐s rest intervals, while single TMS pulses were superimposed onto each dorsiflexion contraction.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is of interest that multiple, serial excitatory responses have been recorded in soleus following single TMS pulses, including the primary MEP (about 30 ms of post‐stimulus) and a later response (about 100 ms of post‐stimulus; Dimitrijević et al., 1992; Holmgren et al., 1990; Valls‐Solé et al., 1994). The later response, known as the soleus late response (SLR), has been suggested to be either a simple stretch reflex response (Bawa et al., 2002; Sammut et al., 1995) or a polysynaptic postural response (Ertekin et al., 1995; Kurokawa‐Kuroda et al., 2007; Suga et al., 2001). The main evidence that the SLR reflects a simple stretch reflex response is that its latency is ~70 ms from the TMS‐evoked tibialis anterior (TA) MEP and that supramaximal stimulation of common peroneal nerve sufficient to evoke a twitch in TA also produces a stretch reflex response in soleus with a similar latency (i.e., 69 ms) to the SLR (Brouwer & Qiao, 1995; Sammut et al., 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If this is the case, then one might expect similar responses to tendon tap reflexes and SLRs immediately after muscle stretching and throughout the following period of force recovery. Alternatively, evidence indicating that the SLR is a polysynaptic postural response is provided by abnormal or absent SLRs in cerebellar ataxia patients compared to healthy individuals (Kurokawa‐Kuroda et al., 2007) and that the SLR response was absent in quiet, stable standing but facilitated in disturbed stance (Ertekin et al., 1995; Suga et al., 2001). Whereas, if the SLR is a polysynaptic postural response, then one might expect very different responses to tendon tap reflexes and SLRs after muscle stretching and throughout recovery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plantar flexor muscle stretching depresses the soleus late response but not tendon tap reflexes

Pulverenti

Trajano

Kirk

et al. 2021

Eur J of Neuroscience

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The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in muscle spindle sensitivity with early and late soleus reflex responses via tendon taps and transcranial magnetic stimulation, respectively, after an acute bout of prolonged static plantar flexor muscle stretching. Seventeen healthy males were tested before and after 5 min (5 × 60-s stretches) of passive static stretching of the plantar flexor muscles. Maximal voluntary isometric torque and M wave-normalized triceps surae muscle surface electromyographic activity were recorded. Both soleus tendon reflexes, evoked by percussion of the Achilles tendon during rest and transcranial magnetic stimulation-evoked soleus late responses during submaximal isometric dorsiflexion were also quantified. Significant decreases in maximal voluntary isometric plantar flexion torque (−19.2 ± 13.6%, p = .002) and soleus electromyographic activity (−20.1 ± 11.4%, p < .001) were observed immediately after stretching, and these changes were highly correlated (r = 0.76, p < .001). No changes were observed in tendon reflex amplitude or latency or peak muscle twitch torque (p > .05). Significant reductions in soleus late response amplitudes (−46.9 ± 36.0%, p = .002) were detected, although these changes were not correlated with changes in maximal electromyographic activity, torque or tendon reflex amplitudes. No changes in soleus late response latency were detected. In conclusion, impaired neural drive was implicated in the stretch-induced force loss; however, no evidence was found that this loss was related to changes in muscle spindle sensitivity. We hypothesize that the decrease in soleus late response indicates a stretch-induced reduction in a polysynaptic postural reflex rather than spindle reflex sensitivity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Plantar flexor muscle stretching depresses the soleus late response but not tendon tap reflexes

Pulverenti

Trajano

Kirk

et al. 2021

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Medium-latency reflex response of soleus elicited by peroneal nerve stimulation

et al. 2008

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A medium-latency response (MLR) has been recorded from soleus during stance and walking, and has been attributed to stretch-evoked volleys in group II afferents. The present paper describes a MLR in soleus evoked by stimulating the deep peroneal nerve, documents its characteristics and addresses its likely origin. The MLR of soleus was recorded in healthy subjects and hemiplegic patients, following electrical stimulation of the deep peroneal nerve at the fibula at rest, during voluntary dorsiflexion, during plantar flexion, during external restraint to the ankle dorsiflexion movement, during limb cooling, during limb ischaemia and 1 h after the ingestion of tizanidine. The dorsiflexion movement of the foot was measured using an accelerometer. During cooling, ischaemia and after tizanidine, changes in the MLR were compared with changes in the soleus H reflex, Achilles tendon reflex and, during cooling, F waves of abductor hallucis. The MLR was facilitated by voluntary dorsiflexion, was suppressed during plantar flexion, disappeared when ankle movement was prevented, and was enhanced in patients with spastic hemiplegia. Cooling delayed the MLR significantly more than the Achilles tendon reflex and the abductor hallucis F wave. During ischaemia the response was significantly less affected than the Achilles tendon reflex and the soleus H reflex. Tizanidine suppressed the MLR, but not the soleus H and tendon reflexes. The latencies and the experiments using cooling, ischaemia and tizanidine implicate soleus group II afferents in the genesis of this response.

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Medium-latency reflex response elicited from the flexor carpi radialis by radial nerve stimulation

et al. 2011

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The H reflex obtained from the flexor carpi radialis muscle by median nerve stimulation is a well-known monosynaptic reflex. However, the origin of the late responses is still contentious. Radial nerve stimulation was performed through the spiral groove, and EMG recording was obtained from the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) and extensor carpi radialis (ECR) muscles. An M response followed by an F response was achieved from the ECR by radial nerve stimulation; the antagonistic FCR muscle elicited a late response. A total of 25 cases were included in this study. In 22 of these cases, a response with a latency of 40.97 ± 5.35 ms was obtained from the FCR by radial nerve stimulation. When extension of the hand was restricted, the response disappeared in five of nine cases. Application of cold markedly suppressed the response and prolonged the latency of the FCR medium-latency reflex response (FCR-MLR). Oral tizanidine considerably suppressed the FCR-MLR response. Two out of eight cases did not exhibit any response. No response could be recorded from a patient with complete amputation of the right hand. The FCR-MLR is the reflex caused by stretching of the FCR muscle from radial nerve stimulation, and it is greatly influenced by group II afferents.

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A stable late soleus EMG response elicited by cortical stimulation during voluntary ankle dorsiflexion

Cited by 9 publications

References 13 publications

Plantar flexor muscle stretching depresses the soleus late response but not tendon tap reflexes

Plantar flexor muscle stretching depresses the soleus late response but not tendon tap reflexes

Medium-latency reflex response of soleus elicited by peroneal nerve stimulation

Medium-latency reflex response elicited from the flexor carpi radialis by radial nerve stimulation

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