A SPoARC in the Dark: Spatialization in Verbal Immediate Memory

Guida, Alessandro; Leroux, Aurélie; Lavielle-Guida, Magali; Noël, Yvonnick

doi:10.1111/cogs.12316

Cited by 42 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 86 publications

(114 reference statements)

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“…Fruits or vegetables early in the sequence were responded to faster with the left-hand side and fruits or vegetables late in the sequence were responded to faster with the right-hand side. Recently, this ordinal position effect has also been replicated with auditory presentation of items (i.e., consonants) in WM (Guida et al, 2016). In this study, participants had to perform a slightly different task by pressing a "yes" or a "no" key to indicate whether the heard consonant was part of the memorized sequence or not.…”

mentioning

confidence: 85%

Coding of serial order in verbal, visual and spatial working memory.

Genre¹,

Archambeau²,

Dijck³

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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In the domain of working memory, recent theories postulate that the maintenance of serial order is driven by position marking. According to this idea, serial order is maintained though associations of each item with an independent representation of the position that the item constitutes in the sequence. Recent studies suggest that those position markers are spatial in nature, with the beginning items associated with left side and the end elements with the right side of space (i.e., the ordinal position effect). So far however, it is unclear whether serial order is coded along the same principles in the verbal and the visuospatial domain. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether serial order is coded in a domain general fashion or not. To unravel this question, 6 experiments were conducted. The first 3 experiments revealed that the ordinal position effect is found with verbal but not with spatial information. In the subsequent experiments, the authors isolated the origin of this dissociation and conclude that to obtain spatial coding of serial order, it is not the nature of the encoded information (verbal, visual, or spatial) that is crucial, but whether the memoranda are semantically processed or not. This work supports the idea that serial order is coded in a domain general fashion, but suggests that position markers are only spatially coded when the to-be-remembered information is processed at the semantic level.

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mentioning

confidence: 85%

Coding of serial order in verbal, visual and spatial working memory.

Genre¹,

Archambeau²,

Dijck³

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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show abstract

“…In these models, order is coded through positional tags associated to each item. Even if no consensus has emerged concerning the actual nature of the positional tags, recent work on spatialization (e.g., Ginsburg et al, 2017;Guida, Carnet, et al, 2018;Guida, Leroux, et al, 2016;Rinaldi et al, 2015;van Dijck, Fias, & Andres, 2015) has showed that their nature could be spatial (see also Rinaldi, Merabet, Vecchi, & Cattaneo, 2018), like in the mental slotted line we are proposing.…”

Section: Slotted Schemas: the Spoarc Effectmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The SPoARC effect has been observed (1) with short-term memory (STM) paradigms necessitating only storage (see second row of Fig. 1; e.g., Guida, Leroux, Lavielle-Guida, & Noël, 2016) and with WM paradigms necessitating storage and processing (e.g., ; (2) when order is relevant for the task completion (such as in the van , paradigm, in which participants have to recognize each sequence) or when order is irrelevant (i.e., without sequence recall or recognition; e.g., Guida, Leroux, et al, 2016); (3) with auditory (Guida, Leroux, et al, 2016) or visual input (e.g., ; (4) with verbal material (e.g., Ginsburg et al, 2014; or images (Ginsburg, Archambeau, van Dijck, Chetail, & Gevers, 2017); 5with open (Guida, Carnet, et al, 2018) or closed sets (e.g., ; (6) with an eye-tracking device (Rinaldi, Brugger, Bockisch, Bertolini, & Girelli, 2015); (7) with a line bisection task (Antoine, Ranzini, Gebuis, van Dijck, & Gevers, 2017); (8) when testing noncongenitally blind people, but not with the congenitally blind 1 (Bottini, Mattioni, & Collignon, 2016); and (9) when testing Arabic literates, for whom the effect is reversed (Guida, Megreya, et al, 2018). Umiltà, Bonato, and Rusconi (2018) have recently categorized SPoARC experiments as testing spatiotemporal associations because, in Westerners, the early items of a sequence are linked to left and the late to right.…”

Section: The Spoarc Effectmentioning

confidence: 98%

Explaining the SPoARC and SNARC effects with knowledge structures: An expertise account

Guida¹,

Campitelli

2019

Psychon Bull Rev

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Two proposals have been put forward to account conjointly for the spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect and the spatial-positional association of response codes (SPoARC) effect: the working memory account and the dual account. Here, on the basis of experimental and theoretical knowledge acquired in the field of expert memory, we propose an alternative accountnamed the expertise account-that explains both effects through the acquisition and use of knowledge structures (a generalization of Bchunks,^Bretrieval structures,^and Btemplates^), which have been used extensively in expert memory theory. These knowledge structures can be of two types: nonslotted or slotted schemas. We suggest that the SNARC effect can be explained via the use of nonslotted schemas, and the SPoARC effect via slotted schemas. We conclude our article by presenting the broader implications of our framework for working memory in general, when considering knowledge structures.

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“…For instance, spatial-numerical associations could also stem from a general WM mechanism for binding sequential order with spatial templates (Abrahamse, van Dijck, & Fias, 2016;Guida, Leroux, Lavielle-Guida, & Noël, 2016), or from the principle of polarity correspondence in tasks with orthogonal stimulus dimensions (Proctor & Xiong, 2015). Particularly, we here focus on investigations into a domain-general cognitive mechanism for SNARC and aim to provide insights into the cross-validity of this mechanism for the generation of numerical SNARC and non-numerical SNARC-like effects in the ordinal weekday sequence.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Space in numerical and ordinal information: A common construct?

2017

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Space is markedly involved in numerical processing, both explicitly in instrumental learning and implicitly in mental operations on numbers. Besides action decisions, action generations, and attention, the response-related effect of numerical magnitude or ordinality on space is well documented in the Spatial-Numerical Associations of Response Codes (SNARC) effect. Here, right-over left-hand responses become relatively faster with increasing magnitude positions. However, SNARC-like behavioral signatures in non-numerical tasks with ordinal information were also observed and inspired new models integrating seemingly spatial effects of ordinal and numerical metrics. To examine this issue further, we report a comparison between numerical SNARC and ordinal SNARC-like effects to investigate group-level characteristics and individual-level deductions from generalized views, i.e., convergent validity. Participants solved order-relevant (before/ after classification) and order-irrelevant tasks (font color classification) with numerical stimuli 1-5, comprising both magnitude and order information, and with weekday stimuli, comprising only ordinal information. A small correlation between magnitude-and order-related SNARCs was observed, but effects are not pronounced in order-irrelevant color judgments. On the group level, order-relevant spatialnumerical associations were best accounted for by a linear magnitude predictor, whereas the SNARC effect for weekdays was categorical. Limited by the representativeness of these tasks and analyses, results are inconsistent with a single amodal cognitive mechanism that activates space in mental processing of cardinal and ordinal information alike. A possible resolution to maintain a generalized view is proposed by discriminating different spatial activations, possibly mediated by visuospatial and verbal working memory, and by relating results to findings from embodied numerical cognition. Abstract concepts are often embedded into physical space: Numerical magnitudes increase to the right of a number line, weekdays are spatially organized in calendars, and the first step in a user manual is usually

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A SPoARC in the Dark: Spatialization in Verbal Immediate Memory

Cited by 42 publications

References 86 publications

Coding of serial order in verbal, visual and spatial working memory.

Coding of serial order in verbal, visual and spatial working memory.

Explaining the SPoARC and SNARC effects with knowledge structures: An expertise account

Space in numerical and ordinal information: A common construct?

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