A spicy kind of high: a profile of synthetic cannabinoid users

Stogner, John M.; Miller, Bryan Lee

doi:10.3109/14659891.2013.770571

Cited by 43 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…El Spice es una mezcla de hierbas para fumar con efectos similares a los del cannabis de la que todavía se sabe poco (Mustata et al, 2009). Una de las primeras investigaciones realizadas sobre esta sustancia con una muestra amplia de estudiantes universitarios (n = 2.349) indica que ser hombre y consumidor de otras sustancias incrementa la probabilidad de consumir estos cannabinoides sintéticos (Stogner y Miller, 2014). No obstante, todavía son escasos los estudios realizados en ámbito español y en población universitaria.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Policonsumo de drogas y su relación con el contexto familiar y social en jóvenes universitarios

2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Discussionunclassified

Policonsumo de drogas y su relación con el contexto familiar y social en jóvenes universitarios

2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Among youth and young adults, K2/Spice use is more common among males (11–17), whites (14,15), poly-drug users (11,14,15), and youth of higher socioeconomic status (15,18). Little is known about other characteristics of youth and young adult K2/Spice users.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

K2 and Spice use among a cohort of college students in southeast region of the USA

Egan¹,

Suerken

Reboussin

et al. 2015

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background K2 and Spice consist of an herbal blend of plant matter and chemical synthetic cannabinoids. These substances emerged in the early 2000s as a popular alternative to marijuana among youth and young adults. Objectives This study sought to identify rates and correlates of K2 and Spice at college entry and first use during college. Methods In Fall 2010, 3146 students at 11 colleges in North Carolina and Virginia were recruited to participate in a longitudinal cohort survey. The cohort was invited to participate in a total of six surveys over their college career. Random-effects logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with lifetime K2 and Spice use at college entry and first use during college, adjusting for clustering within schools and sample weights. Results Weighted lifetime prevalence of K2 and Spice use at college entry was 7.6%. An additional 6.6% of students reported first use during college. By the cohort’s fourth year, 17.0% reported lifetime K2 and Spice use. While lifetime prevalence increased, past 6-month prevalence decreased substantially over time. K2 and Spice use at college entry was associated with sensation seeking; hookah, marijuana, and illicit drug use; and low religiosity. First use during college was associated with having a father with less than a four-year degree; alcohol and hookah use. Conclusion Universities should ensure that prevention efforts address current substance use, including K2/Spice, and that treatment options are available for first year students who use substances.

show abstract

“…Hundreds of compounds were synthesized in academia and pharmaceutical companies, and their binding affinities and structure-activity relationships were investigated (1–3). Since the mid-2000s these designer drugs have been abused as recreational drugs (4–5), leading to numerous intoxications as demonstrated by the high number of poison control calls (6) and emergency department visits over the last few years (7), and also demonstrated by surveys among adolescents that showed high prevalence (8–9). Identifying which substances are currently on the market is a substantial challenge for forensic and clinical laboratories, as well as developing analytical methods for new designer drugs, which requires knowledge of the drugs’ metabolism.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

First Metabolic Profile of XLR-11, a Novel Synthetic Cannabinoid, Obtained by Using Human Hepatocytes and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Wohlfarth

Pang²,

Zhu

et al. 2013

Clinical Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BACKGROUND Since the mid-2000s synthetic cannabinoids have been abused as recreational drugs, prompting scheduling of these substances in many countries. To circumvent legislation, manufacturers constantly market new compounds; [1-(5-fluoropentyl)indol-3-yl]-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone (XLR-11), the fluorinated UR-144 analog, is one of the most recent and widely abused drugs, and its use is now linked with acute kidney injury. Our goal was to investigate XLR-11 metabolism for identification of major urinary targets in analytical methods and to clarify the origin of metabolites when one or more parent synthetic cannabinoids can be the source. METHODS We incubated 10 μmol/L XLR-11 with pooled human hepatocytes and sampled after 1 and 3 h. Samples were analyzed by high-resolution mass spectrometry with a TOF scan followed by information-dependent acquisition triggered product ion scans with dynamic background subtraction and mass defect filters. Scans were thoroughly data mined with different data processing algorithms (Metabolite Pilot 1.5). RESULTS XLR-11 underwent phase I and II metabolism, producing more than 25 metabolites resulting from hydroxylation, carboxylation, hemiketal and hemiacetal formation, internal dehydration, and further glucuronidation of some oxidative metabolites. No sulfate or glutathione conjugation was observed. XLR-11 also was defluorinated, forming UR-144 metabolites. On the basis of mass spectrometry peak areas, we determined that the major metabolites were 2′-carboxy-XLR-11, UR-144 pentanoic acid, 5-hydroxy-UR-144, hydroxy-XLR-11 glucuronides, and 2′-carboxy-UR-144 pentanoic acid. Minor metabolites were combinations of the biotransformations mentioned above, often glucuronidated. CONCLUSIONS These are the first data defining major urinary targets of XLR-11 metabolism that could document XLR-11 intake in forensic and clinical investigations.

show abstract

A spicy kind of high: a profile of synthetic cannabinoid users

Cited by 43 publications

References 17 publications

Policonsumo de drogas y su relación con el contexto familiar y social en jóvenes universitarios

Policonsumo de drogas y su relación con el contexto familiar y social en jóvenes universitarios

K2 and Spice use among a cohort of college students in southeast region of the USA

First Metabolic Profile of XLR-11, a Novel Synthetic Cannabinoid, Obtained by Using Human Hepatocytes and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About