A spatiotemporal communication protocol for wireless sensor networks

Abstract

Abstract-In this paper, we present a spatiotemporal communication protocol for sensor networks, called SPEED. SPEED is specifically tailored to be a localized algorithm with minimal control overhead. End-to-end soft real-time communication is achieved by maintaining a desired delivery speed across the sensor network through a novel combination of feedback control and nondeterministic geographic forwarding. SPEED is a highly efficient and scalable protocol for sensor networks where the resources of each node are scarce. Theoretical analysis, simulation experiments, and a real implementation on Berkeley motes are provided to validate the claims.

RRDVCR: Real-Time Reliable Data Delivery Based on Virtual Coordinating Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks

“…However, proposed protocol is suited for delivery guarantees and energy efficiency than delay sensitive applications. The protocols [8] [11][12] achieve real-time end-to-end delay requirement by selecting the next forwarding node based on the velocity offered by one-hop neighbourhood. Joseph et al, [4] propose Low-media Access scheme to minimize duty cycle and idle time.…”

“…The proposed protocol RRDVCR is simulated and evaluated using ns-2 [25]. It is compared with THVR [13] and SPEED [8]. The simulation network consists of 200 nodes deployed in a 200mX200m area.…”

“…The energy consumption at MAC layer, link quality and parameters are set as per Mica2 Motes [24] with MPR400 radio as per THVR [13]. THVR [13] and SPEED [8] are QoS based protocols and main simulation parameters are PDMR (Packet Deadline Miss Ratio), ECPP (Energy Consumed Per Packet is the total energy utilized by the all packets transmitted successfully), the packet average delay (mean of packet delay) and worst case delay (largest value sustained by the successful transmitted packet) are obtained.…”

“…As number of source nodes are increased from 4 to 6, the packet deadline miss ratio increase from from 23% to 24% in RRDVCR, whereas in THVR [13] it increases from 24% to 25%. In SPEED [8] protocol, the packet deadline miss ratio is about 50%, since it considers one-hop information to select forwarding nodes and hence packets travel more distance to reach destination. 4 indicates the required energy for every packet transmission with varying number of source nodes on the networks.…”

“…(ii) The increase in number of source nodes results in more number of transmission of packets from different sources, which leads to congestion at different layers. The energy consumption is 46mJ in RRDVCR, 48mJ in THVR [13] and 58mJ in SPEED [8]. When sources are increases to 6, consumption of energy increases.…”