A spatially resolved fuel cell stack model with gas–liquid slip phenomena for cold start simulations

A review of physics-based low-temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cell models for system-level water and thermal management studies

“…In the same period, several steady-state models were also developed with along-the-channel [21], through-plane [23,34] or even 2D dis- cretizations, as they allowed to account for spatial dimensions and heat transfer effects which were neglected in 0D models. With time and the improvement of computational capabilities, some models started to combine both detailed spatial discretization and dynamic operation [37,41,49,50,58,61]. Models also started to include two-phase effects more often [11,33,36,37,39,40,47,58,61,67,69,70], although those were already present in the model proposed by del Real et al [20].…”

Effects of Endplate Assembly on Cold Start Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stacks

“…The largest temperature rise during the cold start normally occurs near the cathode outlet where the cooling effect of the coflow coolant is the weakest. [38] Figure 4 shows the temperature distribution along x axis (through PEM) in the cathode outlet plane at 26 s (when the maximum temperature in the stack reaches 0 C) for Cases 1, 2, 3. In Case 3, the lowest temperature occurs in cell 1, and the maximum temperature in the stack rises up to 13 C. Moreover, the effect of heat loss from the EA also has an influence on the temperature of middle cells.…”

“…The cooling channel (CC) and coolant circulation were included in the cold start model developed by Wei et al [37] It was found that the nonuniform inflow of reactant and coolant between different channels has an important impact on temperature and ice distributions. Using a spatial resolution method, Tang et al [38] simulated the cold start process of stack with 400 cells using rapid warm-up operation with low cell voltage and stoichiometry, which was proved to be an effective way to quickly elevate the stack temperature from À20 to 5 C within 30 s.…”

Evaluating the influence of requirements in fuel cell system design using Design Requirement Maps

“…The fuel cell stack model is based on spatially distributed control volumes (along the channel) of a parametric bipolar plate and the consideration of detailed kinetic, diffusion and thermal effects in the functional layers of anode and cathode GDL, anode and cathode catalyst layer (CL), PEM, and bipolar plate (BPP). Detailed aspects about the used fuel cell model have been described in Tang et al [23]. The models of the air compressor, coolant pump and recirculation blower are efficiency based models which are defined by isentropic efficiencies for the calculation of their power demand.…”