“…To this date, there is no universally accepted way of conceptualizing bank risk (Diamond & Dybvig (1983); Santomero (1997)), let alone of measuring it (Diamond & Rajan (2005); Brunnermeier (2009); Acharya, Schnabl, & Suarez (2013); Acharya & Mora (2015)); Dong, Firth, Hou, & Yang (2016); Delis, Iosifidi, & Tsionas (2017); Quaranta, Raffoni, & Visani (2018); Tsionas (2017); Glass and Kenjegalieva, (2019) and Badunenko & Kumbhakar (2017).4 This lack of consensus and understanding may be further compounded because 'traditional approaches have difficulty analyzing how risks can accumulate gradually and then suddenly erupt in a full blown crisis' (Gray, Merton, & Bodie (2007)).…”