A spatial domain‐based color image blind watermarking scheme integrating multilevel discrete Hartley transform

Abstract

In this paper, a spatial domain‐based blind watermarking scheme of color images integrating multilevel discrete Hartley transform (DHT) is proposed to protect color digital images' copyright under the current 5G network environment. On the basis of the unique spatial computing property of the maximum energy coefficient of DHT and the energy aggregation principle of multilevel image transform, the color watermark image scrambled by Affine transform is directly hidden into color carrier image by quantitative techniques in the spatial domain, rather than the complex DHT domain. The specific performance of the scheme in various aspects is as follows: (1) the average value of the peak signal‐to‐noise ratio is higher than 40 dB; (2) the average value of structural similarity index metric remains above 0.9700; (3) the average value of normalized cross‐correlation under no attack is 1.0000; (4) the average value of normalized cross‐correlation. under attack is above 0.9600; (5) the total execution time is 1.1856 s; (6) the maximum embedding capacity is 0.0625 bpp; and (7) the entire key space is greater than 2432. Multiple simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is not merely imperceptible and robust, but also secure and efficient, which can protect the digital copyright with effect.

A watermarking scheme for dual‐color images based on URV decomposition and image correction

“…According to different extraction methods of watermarks, it can be divided into nonblind watermarking 24 and blind watermarking. [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] According to different embedding domains of watermarks, it can be divided into spatial-domain watermarking 27,32,34 and frequency-domain watermarking. 25,26,[28][29][30][31]33,[35][36][37] Because carrier information is difficult to be obtained in practical applications, blind watermarking is more extensive and has higher practical value.…”

“…There are many algorithms used in digital watermarking schemes, such as discrete cosine transform (DCT), 25,26 discrete wavelet transform, 27,28 Schur decomposition, 29,30 eigenvalue decomposition (EVD), 31 singular value decomposition (SVD), 32,33 and other transforms. [34][35][36][37] Yuan et al 25 proposed a DCT-based color image watermarking scheme. By quantizing the coefficients of two-dimensional (2D) DCT to embed and extract the color watermark image, its invisibility meets basic requirements and robustness is high.…”

A blind color image watermarking algorithm combined spatial domain and SVD

“…Digital watermarking technique has been becoming one of the important research areas since its outstanding performance in the copyright protection of digital products. [1][2][3][4][5] For example, for protecting the rightful ownership of color digital image, the method of Su 1 based on the Hessenberg decomposition in the transform domain and the method of Zhang and Su 2 based on the discrete Hartley transform (DHT) in the spatial domain were proposed; for protecting the rightful ownership of digital video, the method of Asikuzzaman et al 3 based on complex wavelet transform was presented. In addition, the method of Li et al 4 proposed a video watermarking method by employing three-dimensional cellular automata transform and perfectreconstruction integral imaging; moreover, some image watermarking methods were proposed to protect the rightful ownership with reversible manner.…”

“…The contributions of this paper include four points as follows: (1) the relationship between the changed MSV of SVD and the average changed value of image pixel in the spatial domain is the first derived in this paper; (2) the presented method has the merits of both spatial-domain technique and transform-domain one; (3) the relationships of each component of the color image are used to improve the invisibility and the geometrical correction of watermarked image is also adapted to further improve the robustness; and (4) the presented method overcomes the false-positive problem that existed in many SVD-based watermarking methods.…”

“…Simultaneously, the rightful ownership of these digital products will be infringed or destroyed by illegal purposes, for example, tampering, forgery, unauthorized copy, and so on. Digital watermarking technique has been becoming one of the important research areas since its outstanding performance in the copyright protection of digital products 1–5 . For example, for protecting the rightful ownership of color digital image, the method of Su 1 based on the Hessenberg decomposition in the transform domain and the method of Zhang and Su 2 based on the discrete Hartley transform (DHT) in the spatial domain were proposed; for protecting the rightful ownership of digital video, the method of Asikuzzaman et al 3 based on complex wavelet transform was presented.…”