A solvent-free approach to extract the lipid fraction from sewer grease for biodiesel production

Tu, Qingshi; Wang, Jingjing; Lu, Mingming; Brougham, Andrew; Lü, Ting

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2016.05.017

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…All solvents and reagents were of analytical grade and from Fisher Scientific Inc., USA: IPA, 99.5%; Toluene, 99.9%; Oleic Acid, 99%; phenolphthalein, 98%; and KOH, 99.3%. For the trap grease samples, lipids were extracted with either a solvent‐free method (Tu et al, ) or by heating and filtration to remove solids.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A volume of 0.8 mL of 1% phenolphthalein in IPA was dispensed into the mixture and the flask was shaken for 10 s. A blank titration was performed similar to that described earlier. An amount of 0.1–2.5 g of FOG was used for each titration (Chai et al, ; Tu et al, ), based on the predicted AV. Similar to AOCS Cd 3d‐63, vigorous shaking was applied throughout the titration process until a pink color persisted for at least 30 s. Equation was used to calculate the AV, and each FOG sample was titrated at least three times.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, there has been increased interest in utilizing FOG as a biodiesel feedstock (Hums et al, ; Ragauskas et al, ; Tu et al, ; Wallace et al, ) as well as for anerobic codigestion. A technical challenge for this effort is the low and unstable FOG quality, especially the high free fatty acid (FFA) contents (Chai et al, ; Tu et al, ). The FFA content is quantified by acid values (AV), which is defined as the amount (mg) of KOH necessary to neutralize 1.0 g of oil samples based on the American Oil Chemists' Society's (AOCS) method Cd 3d‐63.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Greener Alternative Titration Method for Measuring Acid Values of Fats, Oils, and Grease

Zhang

Ren

et al. 2019

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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A greener alternative method is proposed for measuring acid values (AV) of fats, oils, and grease (FOG) based on visual titration. Compared with Official Method Cd 3d-63 of the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), this greener alternative method can eliminate the use of toluene, which in turn reduces toxicity and cost. A total of 44 samples of yellow and brown grease with AV ranging from 0.13 to 170.37 (mg KOH) g −1 were titrated using both methods. The alternative titration method can provide accurate and reliable results to determine the AV of FOG by various statistical analyses including repeatability, linear regression, f-test, t-test, and method accuracy calibration with AOCS Cd 3d-63. This low-cost method can be recommended for routine titration in research and development, and in biodiesel plants for most FOG samples.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Greener Alternative Titration Method for Measuring Acid Values of Fats, Oils, and Grease

Zhang

Ren

et al. 2019

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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“…Tu et al reported that a 95% extraction yield can be obtained after 240 min, at 70 °C, with the ratio between WCO and GTW being 3.2:1 (w/w). 44 However, because of the fact that WCO is often contaminated by very high levels of heavy metals, soap, and unknown particles in GTW that may lead to a costly refinery process, as well as a requirement for moderate energy consumption, this method has not yet been applied in practical production. Thus, the extraction of FOG from GTW remains attractive but impractical worldwide unless a more efficient process, in terms of energy-saving and FOG quality, is developed.…”

Section: Lipid Extraction Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Biodiesel from Recycled Grease Trap Waste: A Review

Tran

Tišma

Budžaki

et al. 2021

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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In recent years, climate changes occurring worldwide have encouraged research into the development of eco-friendly, lowerenvironmental-impact, and more-sustainable energy sources. This may also be a solution to deal with the rapid decrease in, and depletion of, fossil resources. Biodiesel has been considered as a key attribute for effective climate change responses and a potential candidate to substitute for mineral diesel. Even so, the marketability of biodiesel is still very limited, because of the lower price of fossil diesel, as well as the expensive cost of present biodiesel feedstocks. In this regard, the use of wastewater residuals such as scum sludge and grease trap waste (GTW) as a cost-effective feedstock appears to be attractive. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the characteristics of GTW in order to develop an appropriate technique for biodiesel production from this low-quality and low-cost resource. However, most of these studies have only focused on a partial process, including the pretreatment of feedstock, the esterification, and the transesterification processes, without reporting a fully integrated process for biodiesel production from recycled trap grease. Therefore, this study aims to highlight recent achievements in the production of biodiesel from GTW and to consider the potential marketability of this fuel.

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“…It is clear from the experimental studies of brown grease pyrolysis that the product distribution is dependent on both the temperature and the heating profile [9,15,22]. Other experimental and theoretical studies on brown grease separation and flow have been performed [27,28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanistic Investigation of the Pyrolysis of Brown Grease

Almatarneh

Alnemrat

Omeir

et al. 2020

Journal of Chemistry

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The conversion of brown grease using pyrolysis reactions represents a very promising option for the production of renewable fuels and chemicals. Brown grease forms a mixture of alkanes, alkenes, and ketones at a temperature above 300°C at atmospheric pressure. This work is a computational study of the detailed reaction mechanisms of brown grease pyrolysis using DFT methodology. Prior experimental investigations confirmed product formation consistent with a set of radical reactions with CO2 elimination, as well as ketone by product formation, CO forming reactions, and formation of alcohols and aldehydes as minor byproducts. In this work, computational quantum chemistry was used to explore these reactions in greater detail. Particularly, a nonradical pathway formed ketone byproducts via the ketene, which we refer to as Pathways A1 and A2. Radical formation by thermal decomposition of unsaturated fatty acids initiates a set of reactions which eliminate CO2, regenerating alkyl radicals leading to hydrocarbon products (Pathway B). A third pathway (Pathway C) is an alternative set of radical reactions, resulting in decarbonylation and formation of minor byproducts. The results of the calculations are in good agreement with recent experimental studies.

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A solvent-free approach to extract the lipid fraction from sewer grease for biodiesel production

Cited by 14 publications

References 30 publications

A Greener Alternative Titration Method for Measuring Acid Values of Fats, Oils, and Grease

A Greener Alternative Titration Method for Measuring Acid Values of Fats, Oils, and Grease

Production of Biodiesel from Recycled Grease Trap Waste: A Review

Mechanistic Investigation of the Pyrolysis of Brown Grease

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