A soluble, dye-labelled chitin derivative adapted for the assay of krill chitinase

Saborowski, Reinhard; Búchholz, Friedrich; Vetter, Ralf-Achim H; Wirth, Stephan; Wolf, Gerhard

doi:10.1016/0305-0491(93)90104-d

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…Chitinase assays followed the colorimetric method of Sawborowski et al (1993) using a dye-labeled chitin. Lysozyme measurements were via turbidimetry using suspensions of Micrococcus lysodeikticus (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) according to the Sigma technical bulletin.…”

Section: Biochemical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multitrophic interactions of the silverleaf whitefly, host plants, competing herbivores, and phytopathogens

Mayer

Inbar

McKenzie

et al. 2002

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

113

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Our laboratory found that silverleaf whitefly (SLW; Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring) feeding alters host plant physiology and chemistry. The SLW induces a number of host plant defenses, including pathogenesis-related (PR) protein accumulation (e.g., chitinases, beta-1,3-glucanases, peroxidases, chitosanases, etc.). Induction of the PR proteins by SLW feeding occurs in various plant species and varieties. The extent and type of induction is dependent on a number of factors that include host plant growing conditions, the length of time the host plant is exposed to SLW feeding, the plant variety, and SLW population densities. The appearance of PR proteins correlates well with reduced infestations of conspecific insect herbivore competitors. Greenhouse and field experiments in which herbivore competitors (cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni; leaf miner, Liromyza trifolii) were placed on plants previously exposed to SLW feeding demonstrated behavioral differences (oviposition, feeding preferences) and reduced survival rates and development times of these insects. The interaction was asymmetrical, i.e., SLW infestations of plants previously exposed to leaf miners had little or no effect on SLW behavior (oviposition). Induction of plant-defensive proteins by SLW feeding was both local (at the feeding site) and systemic (uninfested leaves distant to the feeding site). There are interactions between diseases such as tomato mottle virus (ToMoV; a geminivirus) and the host plant and SLW. PR proteins were induced in tomato plants infected with ToMoV much as they were via non-viruliferous SLW feeding. The presence of ToMoV in tomato plants significantly increased the number of eggs produced by SLW females. Experiments using tomato plants, powdery mildew (PM), and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) show that whitefly infestations can affect plant pathogen relationships but the effects vary among pathogen types. Enzyme analyses prior to pathogen inoculation showed that whitefly treatment significantly increased the activities of foliar chitinase and peroxidase. Evaluation of pathogen growth 3 weeks after inoculation showed that whitefly feeding significantly reduced the incidence of PM. However, TMV levels evaluated by ELISA were not significantly affected by whitefly feeding. Six weeks after inoculation with pathogens, the chitinase and peroxidase activities were still elevated in plants initially fed on by whiteflies but continuing pathogen infection had no effect on these enzymes. The possibility that geminivirus infection and/or SLW infestations isolate the host plant for the selected reproduction of the virus and the insect is discussed. Multitrophic cascade effects may contribute to the successful eruptive appearance of SLW on various crops, ranking them as a major pest. They may explain the general observation that when SLW infest a host plant there are few if any competing insect herbivores and pathogens found in the host. However, the results indicate that certain SLW-virus relationships could be mutualistic.

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Section: Biochemical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multitrophic interactions of the silverleaf whitefly, host plants, competing herbivores, and phytopathogens

Mayer

Inbar

McKenzie

et al. 2002

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

113

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“…The residue was dissolved in 500 ll borate bu er, pH 9.2. Fifty microlitres of this solution were assayed for amino sugars according to Morgan and Elson (1934), modi®ed by Saborowski et al (1993). Blanks were run in parallel as well as standards containing puri®ed chitin (Sigma C-3641).…”

Section: Phytoplankton Culturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The activities of chitinase and NAGase were determined according to Saborowski et al (1993). Activities of total protease, cellulase and laminarinase were determined as described by Buchholz and Saborowski (1996) and Donachie et al (1995), respectively.…”

Section: Enzyme Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A laboratory study on digestive processes in the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba , with special regard to chitinolytic enzymes

Saborowski

Búchholz

1999

Polar Biology

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Feeding experiments of 9, 14 and 20 days duration were carried out on the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba. Two groups were fed with the chitinous diatom Cyclotella cryptica and the non-chitinous green algae Dunaliella bioculata, respectively. A control group remained unfed. The time courses of the activities of endo-and exochitinase in the stomach and the midgut gland were compared with those of the digestive enzymes protease, cellulase (1,4-b-D-glucanase) and laminarinase (1,3-b-D-glucanase). Speci®c activities of all enzymes were higher in the stomach than in the midgut gland. Characteristic time courses of activity were evident after 4 days. In starved animals, enzyme activities decreased to a minimum after 4 days and recovered within 14 days to initial values. In the stomach, the activities of endo-and exochitinase increased when krill were fed on Cyclotella. For animals fed with Dunaliella, activities stayed constant or decreased slightly. The results con®rm chitinases as digestive enzymes and, therefore, the capability of krill to utilize various food sources.

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“…Crustaceans require chitinolytic enzymes for molting (Oosterhuis et al 2000) but they also synthesize chitinolytic enzymes in the digestive organs (Saborowski et al 1993, Peters et al 1999. High activities of digestive chytinolytic enzymes may indicate that the vent crabs are capable of digesting and utilizing chitin from crustacean shells as a source of both carbon and nitrogen .…”

Section: Digestive Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic energy demand and food utilization of the hydrothermal vent crab Xenograpsus testudinatus (Crustacea: Brachyura)

Hu¹,

Hagen²,

Jeng³

et al. 2012

Aquat. Biol.

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The hydrothermal vent crab Xenograpsus testudinatus (Crustacea: Brachyura) is endemic near Kueishan Island, Taiwan, where it lives in shallow waters close to the hydrothermal vents located in this area. X. testudinatus is adapted to a sulfur-rich and thus potentially toxic environment. It has established a specialized feeding strategy focusing on dead zooplankton organisms killed by the toxic discharges from the vents. During slack water, when there is little or no current, the crabs leave their crevices to feed on this 'marine snow'. In the present study, we investigated the physiological aspects of nutritional adaptations of X. testudinatus. The crabs showed high digestive capacities of major digestive enzymes and particularly high activities for proteolytic enzymes. This feature can be regarded as an adaptation to irregular food availability. Furthermore, enzymes were stable at elevated temperatures, in a wide pH range, and in the presence of inorganic inhibitors like Cu . These enzyme properties can be considered essential to functioning in a vent habitat over long exposure times. Moreover, X. testudinatus is able to store significant amounts of lipid (50 to 60% of dry mass in the midgut gland), which may help to overcome periods of food scarcity. Fatty acid profiles revealed high amounts of saturated and monounsaturated components (mainly 16:0, 16:1(n-7), 18:1(n-9), and 18:1(n-7)). These findings reflect physiological adaptations and energetic strategies that enable this crab to exist in this extreme hydrothermal vent habitat.

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A soluble, dye-labelled chitin derivative adapted for the assay of krill chitinase

Cited by 14 publications

References 17 publications

Multitrophic interactions of the silverleaf whitefly, host plants, competing herbivores, and phytopathogens

Multitrophic interactions of the silverleaf whitefly, host plants, competing herbivores, and phytopathogens

A laboratory study on digestive processes in the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba , with special regard to chitinolytic enzymes

Metabolic energy demand and food utilization of the hydrothermal vent crab Xenograpsus testudinatus (Crustacea: Brachyura)

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