A soil chronosequence in Late Glacial and Neoglacial moraines, Humboldt Glacier, northwestern Venezuelan Andes

Clast rind analysis using multi‐high resolution instrumentation

“…Rinds, measured over the last 50 years by glacial geologists, are used as one of many relative dating methods employed to determine degrees of weathering between deposits in glacial sequences (Nelson, ; Sharp, ; Mahaney, ; Mahaney et al ., ). Normally, 50 rinds of uniform lithology are measured to the nearest mm, sometimes to the nearest 1/10th of mm (Colman and Pierce, ), the population rounded off to a mean figure and compared with the means collected on younger and older deposits (Mahaney, ; Mahaney et al ., ).…”

“…As pointed out by Colman and Pierce () there are many limitations to rind growth, the most important being different rates of growth in different lithics, all forming under the same macroclimate and presumably the same biotic influences. Care must be taken to insure lithologic uniformity exists within a sequence to expect rind thickness to approximate relative age of deposits in a sequence as pointed out by Birkeland (), Mahaney (), and Mahaney et al ., (). Lichen growth effects on rinds are imperfectly known but studies have shown (Jackson and Keller, ) and Mahaney et al .…”

“…(,). The YDB—Younger Dryas Boundary—is the 12.8 ka time line for the airburst/impact that halted glacial recession worldwide resulting in the growth of ice in the mountains of the world (Birkeland et al ., ; Reasoner et al ., ; Van der Hammen and Hooghiemstra, ; Rodbell and Seltzer, ; Mahaney et al ., ; Kennett et al ., ) and more specifically in the Mt. Viso area (Mahaney et al ., ).…”

“…Weathering rinds are part of the major tool kit used to discriminate between glacial deposits in a sequence to distinguish between glaciations (Sharp, ; Birkeland, ; Mahaney, , ; Chinn, ; Ricker et al ., ; Birkeland, ; Mahaney et al ., ), occasionally within glaciations, and sometimes between advances of Neoglacial ice (Mahaney, ; Mahaney et al ., ). Other studies focused on rinds providing information on rates of weathering (Sak et al ., ; Oguchi, ) in different lithologies.…”

A comparison of mineralogical techniques and potassium adsorption isotherm analysis for relative dating and correlation of Late Quaternary soil chronosequences

“…Bilzi and Ciolkosz, 1977;Birkeland et al, 2003;Harris et al, 1980;Howard et al, 1993Howard et al, , 1995Kendrick and Graham, 2004;White et al, 2005), glacial outwash and moraines (e.g. Douglass and Mickelson, 2007;Haugland, 2004;Mahaney et al, 2009;Pinter et al, 1994), and alluvial fans (e.g. Keller et al, 2000;Wang et al, 1996).…”