A sociosemiotic approach to Chinese‐English translation

Abstract

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) was first identified as a trophic activity that was able to support the survival of chick ciliary ganglion (CG) neurons in vitro. CNTF from rabbit and rat were subsequently purified from sciatic nerve and their cDNA sequences cloned. Another trophic molecule for CG neurons was identified as a growth promoting activity (GPA). GPA was purified from chicken sciatic nerve and cloned from embryonic chicken eye. The rat and rabbit CNTFs have a considerable amount of structural homology and are not secreted in significant quantities, whereas GPA is less similar in that it is only 49% homologous with rabbit and rat CNTF and is secreted by cells. This review discusses other similarities and differences in biological activities, molecular structure, receptor signaling and cellular distribution between CNTF and GPA and suggests that these molecules may have different functions in rodents and birds.

Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Reduces the Proliferation and Promotes the Differentiation of TH-<b><i>MYCN</i></b> Transformed Sympathoadrenal Progenitors

“…In mature neurons, CNTFRα is ubiquitously expressed, yet expression of the ligand, CNTF, is more restricted [13]. Although chicken CNTF can be secreted, murine and human CNTF are not [14]. Thus, in mammals CNTF accumulates intracellularly in myelinating Schwann cells and astrocytes suggesting that CNTF is released by injury to support neural regeneration.…”

Cultural Default and Translation Compensation—Take Joy Luck Club as an Example

“…Keith Harvey holds that "compensation is a technique which involves making up for the loss of a source text effect by recreating a similar effect in the target text through means that are specific to the target language and/or text" [5]. Ke Ping defined compensation as it is to compensate for the loss of meaning of the source language in "literal translation" and the cause of translation loss was cultural differences between the source language and the target language [6]. He also proposed eight compensation strategies: annotation, contextual amplification, shift of perspective, specification, generalization, paraphrase, adaptation and back translation.…”