A social-aware routing protocol for opportunistic networks

A variety of applications and forwarding protocols have been proposed for opportunistic networks (OppNets) in the literature. However, the methodology of evaluation, testing and comparing these forwarding protocols are not standardized yet, which leads to large levels of ambiguity in performance evaluation studies. Performance results depend largely on the evaluation environment, and on the used parameters and models. More comparability in evaluation scenarios and methodologies would largely improve also the availability of protocols and the repeatability of studies, and thus would accelerate the development of this research topic. In this survey paper, we focus our attention on how various OppNets data forwarding protocols are evaluated rather than what they actually achieve. We explore the models, parameters and the evaluation environments and make observations about their scalability, realism and comparability. Finally, we deduce some best practices on how to achieve the largest impact of future evaluation studies of OppNets data dissemination/forwarding protocols.

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“…CGrAnt [45] 2016 Local information, situational information and domain information is used to select forwarders.…”

Section: R3 [33] 2011mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Forwarding Protocols in Opportunistic Networks: Trends, Advances, Challenges and Best Practices

et al. 2019

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“…It also applies the reverse Dijkstra algorithm to determine the optimal relays and compute the minimum expected delivery delay. In [31], cultural algorithm (CA), ant colony optimization (ACO), and social connectivity between users are combined to address the routing problem. Social metrics of nodes including degree and betweenness centralities are analyzed to support forwarding decision in the opportunistic network environment.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

EpSoc: Social-Based Epidemic-Based Routing Protocol in Opportunistic Mobile Social Network

Lenando

Alrfaay

2018

Mobile Information Systems

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In opportunistic networks, the nature of intermittent and disruptive connections degrades the efficiency of routing. Epidemic routing protocol is used as a benchmark for most of routing protocols in opportunistic mobile social networks (OMSNs) due to its high message delivery and latency. However, Epidemic incurs high cost in terms of overhead and hop count. In this paper, we propose a hybrid routing protocol called EpSoc which utilizes the Epidemic routing forwarding strategy and exploits an important social feature, that is, degree centrality. Two techniques are used in EpSoc. Messages’ TTL is adjusted based on the degree centrality of nodes, and the message blocking mechanism is used to control replication. Simulation results show that EpSoc increases the delivery ratio and decreases the overhead ratio, the average latency, and the hop counts as compared to Epidemic and Bubble Rap.

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“…Ants' social-aware approach is used to propose routing protocol for OppNets based on Cultural Algorithm and Ant Colony Optimization to identify the most promising social-aware forwarder in the network [12]. A genetic algorithm based routing protocol for OppNets is proposed in [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Message Deliverability of Opportunistic Network Protocols

Bista¹

2019

IJEETC

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Opportunistic Networks (OppNets) are designed to transfer messages between intermittently connected mobile nodes which are unaware of network topology. As the traditional routing protocols, which assume continuous connection between nodes and need to be aware of network topology, cannot be implemented in OppNets, various OppNet routing protocols, such as Epidemic, PRoPHET etc., have been proposed for message delivery. An OppNet's message delivery mechanism is store-and-forward in which a node stores incoming messages and forwards the copies of the messages to nodes it encounters causing a large overhead in the network. Furthermore, as nodes are mobile and are powered by batteries, it is essential to consume less energy and extend the network life so that a large number of messages can be delivered. In order to improve the message deliverability of a node, network overhead and network life expectancy in existing OppNet protocols, we consider the node's resources, whose values change continuously, while transferring messages in the networks. In our proposal, a node first calculates its Message Deliverability (MD) which depends upon the protocol used and its resources. The node then uses its MD and the encountered node's MD to make message forwarding decision. Extensive simulation results have shown that the message delivery probability, network overhead and network life of existing OppNet protocols can be improved significantly using our proposal.  Index Terms-OppNets, message deliverability, routing protocols, overhead, network life Bhed Bahadur Bista received the B.Eng. degree in Electronics from the University of York, England and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Information Science from Tohoku University, Japan. After his Ph.D., he worked at the Miyagi University, Japan, for one year as a Research Associate and moved to the Iwate Prefectural University, also in Japan as an Assistant Professor. Currently, he is an Associate Professor with the Faculty of Software and Information Science at the same university. His research interests include energy efficient networks, mobile networks, sensor networks, ad hoc networks, cognitive radio networks, and cellular networks. He has organized International Workshops and has actively taken part as a Program Chair, a Track Chair and a Program Committee Member in various international conferences including flagship IEEE AINA, NBiS, BWCCA and IMIS. He is a member of IPSJ, IEICE and IEEE.

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A social-aware routing protocol for opportunistic networks

Cited by 13 publications

References 19 publications

Evaluating Forwarding Protocols in Opportunistic Networks: Trends, Advances, Challenges and Best Practices

Evaluating Forwarding Protocols in Opportunistic Networks: Trends, Advances, Challenges and Best Practices

EpSoc: Social-Based Epidemic-Based Routing Protocol in Opportunistic Mobile Social Network

Improving Message Deliverability of Opportunistic Network Protocols

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