A small angle X‐ray scattering study of the structure and development of looseness in bovine hides and leather

Wells, Hannah C.; Holmes, Geoff; Jeng, U‐Ser; Wu, Wei-Ru; Kirby, Nigel; Hawley, Adrian; Mudie, Stephen; Haverkamp, Richard G.

doi:10.1002/jsfa.7899

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Two different structural features have been identified as critical for this application: (1) the level of fibers alignment and (2) the spatial periodicity. The level of alignment was quantified by the orientation index (OI), a well‐recognized approach to quantify structural anisotropy . The custom made software adopted to calculate OI was described and introduced by D'Amore et al, while several mathematical formulations have been proposed for the OI, the OI was defined in this study as:

normalO normalI = \frac{\sum \cos^{2} (|, ϑ - 90)}{\sum n_{ϑ}}

where ϑ is the angle between each fiber segments and the vertical direction and Σ n ϑ is the total number of fibers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The level of alignment was quantified by the orientation index (OI), a well-recognized approach to quantify structural anisotropy. [36][37][38][39] The custom made software adopted to calculate OI was described and introduced by D' Amore et al, 40 while several mathematical formulations have been proposed for the OI, [36][37][38][39] the OI was defined in this study as:…”

Section: Microstructural Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical and microstructural analysis of a radially expandable vascular conduit for neonatal and pediatric cardiovascular surgery

Loneker

Luketich

Bernstein³

et al. 2017

J Biomed Mater Res

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In pediatric cardiovascular surgery, there is a significant need for vascular prostheses that have the potential to grow with the patient following implantation. Current clinical options consist of nonexpanding conduits, requiring repeat surgeries as the patient outgrows the device. To address this issue, PECA Labs has developed a novel ePTFE vascular conduit with the capability of being radially expanded via balloon catheterization. In the described study, a systematic characterization and comparison of two proprietary ePTFE expandable conduits was conducted. Conduit sizes of 8 and 16 mm inner diameters for both conduits were evaluated before and after expansion with a 26 mm balloon. Comprehensive mechanical testing was completed, including quantification of circumferential, and longitudinal tensile strength, suture retention strength, burst strength, water entry pressure, dynamic compliance, and kink radius. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the microstructural properties. Automated extraction of the fiber architectural features for each scanning electron micrograph was achieved with an algorithm for each conduit before and after expansion. Results showed that both conduits were able to expand significantly, to as much as 2.5× their original inner diameter. All mechanical properties were within clinically acceptable values following expansion. Analysis of the microstructure properties of the conduits revealed that the circumferential main angle of orientation, orientation index, and spatial periodicity did not significantly change following expansion, whereas the node area fraction decreased post expansion. Successful proof‐of‐concept of this novel product represents a critical step toward clinical translation and provides hope for newborns and growing children with congenital heart disease. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 659–671, 2018.

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normalO normalI = \frac{\sum \cos^{2} (|, ϑ - 90)}{\sum n_{ϑ}}

where ϑ is the angle between each fiber segments and the vertical direction and Σ n ϑ is the total number of fibers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Microstructural Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical and microstructural analysis of a radially expandable vascular conduit for neonatal and pediatric cardiovascular surgery

Loneker

Luketich

Bernstein³

et al. 2017

J Biomed Mater Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, loose bovine leather is stronger than tight bovine leather. Those strength differences are due to the differences in OI, where a leather with a higher OI has more of the collagen fibrils oriented in the plane of the leather and it is therefore better able to resist the propagation of the point of the tear . Therefore, well‐pebbled cervine leather is more aligned and stronger (higher tear strength) than leather with poor pebble, yet tight bovine leather is weaker and less aligned than loose.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deer leather: analysis of the microstructure affecting pebble

et al. 2017

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The differences in structure between well- and poorly pebbled cervine leathers are not the same as the structural differences between tight and loose bovine leathers, to which they are sometimes compared. On the contrary, good pebble may reflect an internal structure similar to that of looseness. It is hoped that methods to prevent a reduction in pebbling during the processing of cervine leather may be developed by applying this knowledge of cervine leather's structural characteristics. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Role of X‐ray Scattering Techniques in Understanding the Collagen Structure of Leather

et al. 2019

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This review focuses on the SAXS and WAXS analysis of the collagen structure of leather, from pioneering works through to recent developments. X-ray scattering can be used to investigate the structural features of fibrillar collagen in the leather matrix, including axial periodicity, fibril diameter, chemical fixation, hydration and fibrillar orientation. Key properties of leather, such as appearance, handle, strength, hydrothermal stability and resistance to putrefaction, are closely linked to these parameters, thereby underlining the importance of Xray scattering to the study of leather. Recent research on the molecular level changes in collagen structure at different stages of leather processing with a range of treatments is also summarized. We will highlight how studies using X-ray scattering techniques have provided significant insights into tanning processes which could be used to improve leather properties and optimize/reduce the use of tanning agents such as chromium (III) in the industry. The review will also describe the details of collagen structure and tanning mechanisms that are yet to be determined by X-ray scattering, as well as future advancements of this technique and what it can accomplish for the leather industry.

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A small angle X‐ray scattering study of the structure and development of looseness in bovine hides and leather

Abstract: The greater swelling of the loose hide during processing disrupts the structure and leads to a more layered collagen arrangement on shrinking at the final dry crust stage. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Cited by 7 publications

References 11 publications

Mechanical and microstructural analysis of a radially expandable vascular conduit for neonatal and pediatric cardiovascular surgery

Mechanical and microstructural analysis of a radially expandable vascular conduit for neonatal and pediatric cardiovascular surgery

Deer leather: analysis of the microstructure affecting pebble

Role of X‐ray Scattering Techniques in Understanding the Collagen Structure of Leather

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