A slow‐growth high‐mortality meta‐analysis for insects: A comment on Chen and Chen

Murphy, John M.; Vidal, Mayra C.; Hallagan, Claudia J.; Barnes, E. E.; Broder, E. Dale

doi:10.1111/1744-7917.12459

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…; Murphy et al . in press). We analysed the type of selective force (top‐down or bottom‐up) as an individual moderator, and analysed habitat/environment type and subtypes, diet breadth, feeding guild and taxonomic group as the interaction with the selective force type (main effects were also included).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bottom‐up vs. top‐down effects on terrestrial insect herbivores: a meta‐analysis

2017

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Primary consumers are under strong selection from resource ('bottom-up') and consumer ('topdown') controls, but the relative importance of these selective forces is unknown. We performed a meta-analysis to compare the strength of top-down and bottom-up forces on consumer fitness, considering multiple predictors that can modulate these effects: diet breadth, feeding guild, habitat/environment, type of bottom-up effects, type of top-down effects and how consumer fitness effects are measured. We focused our analyses on the most diverse group of primary consumers, herbivorous insects, and found that in general top-down forces were stronger than bottom-up forces. Notably, chewing, sucking and gall-making herbivores were more affected by top-down than bottom-up forces, top-down forces were stronger than bottom-up in both natural and controlled (cultivated) environments, and parasitoids and predators had equally strong top-down effects on insect herbivores. Future studies should broaden the scope of focal consumers, particularly in understudied terrestrial systems, guilds, taxonomic groups and top-down controls (e.g. pathogens), and test for more complex indirect community interactions. Our results demonstrate the surprising strength of forces exerted by natural enemies on herbivorous insects, and thus the necessity of using a tri-trophic approach when studying insect-plant interactions.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bottom‐up vs. top‐down effects on terrestrial insect herbivores: a meta‐analysis

2017

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“…In particular, the slow-growth high-mortality hypothesis predicts that prolonged larval development, due to a low quality of the host-plant, increases the mortality of herbivores from their natural enemies [5]. Although the general validity of this hypothesis is still debated [6,7], it could explain the strategies developed by some insect species to decrease the impact of whole plant quality on their developmental time. In particular, two feeding strategies are generally considered as adaptation to optimize the nutritional quality of the exploited plant tissues: gall-inducing and leaf-mining.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inside the horn of plenty: Leaf-mining micromoth manipulates its host plant to obtain unending food provisioning

et al. 2018

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Leaves represent the main resource for herbivorous insects and their performances are mainly a function of leaf nutritional quality. Two feeding strategies are known to optimize the exploitation of leaf resources: leaf-miners that selectively feed on tissues of high nutritional quality and gall-inducers that induce the development of a new tissue showing an enhanced nutritional value. Some leaf-miners are known to also manipulate their nutritional environment, but do not affect plant development. Cases of callus proliferation in leaf-mines have been reported, however, the direct role of the insect in the formation of additional plant cells and the nutritional function of this tissue have never been established. Using an experimental approach, we show that leaf-mining larvae of micromoth, Borboryctis euryae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), that grow on Eurya japonica (Pentaphylacaceae), actively induce callus proliferation within their leaf-mine at the fourth instar. We experimentally demonstrated that, at this developmental stage, the larva feeds exclusively on this newly formed tissue and feeding of the tissue is essential for completing larval stage. Phenological census revealed considerable expansion and variation of fourth instar duration caused by the continuous production of callus. We propose here the “cornucopia” hypothesis which states that the newly produced callus induced by the leaf-mining larvae provides virtually unending nourishment, which in turn allows flexible larval development time. This represents the first example of a leaf-miner manipulating plant development to its benefit, like a gall-inducer. We propose to name this life style “mine-galler”.

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“…), but the validity of this hypothesis is controversial (Chen & Chen ; Murphy et al . ). Our results are an exception to this hypothesis; prolongation of the larval period gave rise to higher survival when predation risk from conspecifics is high.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Extra molting, cannibalism and pupal diapause under unfavorable growth conditions in Atrophaneura alcinous (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Nakahara

Horita

Booton

et al. 2020

Entomological Science

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Atrophaneura alcinous adopt multiple strategies such as extra molting, cannibalism and pupal diapause under unfavorable growth conditions. The conditions under which these strategies are adopted have been separately verified, but their relationship has often been overlooked. We examined which strategy A. alcinous adopted and the relative advantages of strategies using four experimental groups under different food quantity and individual density conditions. Our results indicated that A. alcinous often extra‐molted, prolonged the larval period, and larval and pupal weights were lighter under food shortage. Cannibalism and disease often occurred under the high density and food shortage condition. We also showed that individuals cannibalized during the prepupal or pupal period were less likely to extra molt before they were killed. Extra molting tended to occur more frequently in females than in males under a shortage of food. In addition, we showed that, when food was insufficient, A. alcinous might initiate pupal diapause under low densities, but not under high densities. These results suggest that A. alcinous prolongs the larval period by engaging in extra molting during times of unfavorable food conditions. This strategy might decrease the risk of cannibalization because surrounding larvae who could potentially cannibalize others pupate before larvae who prolong the larval period pupate. Our results also suggest that diapausing pupae under a shortage of food can only survive when there are few surrounding conspecifics, due to a lower cannibalization risk. In conclusion, there is a complex interaction between extra molting, cannibalism and pupal diapause strategies.

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A slow‐growth high‐mortality meta‐analysis for insects: A comment on Chen and Chen

Cited by 5 publications

References 18 publications

Bottom‐up vs. top‐down effects on terrestrial insect herbivores: a meta‐analysis

Bottom‐up vs. top‐down effects on terrestrial insect herbivores: a meta‐analysis

Inside the horn of plenty: Leaf-mining micromoth manipulates its host plant to obtain unending food provisioning

Extra molting, cannibalism and pupal diapause under unfavorable growth conditions in Atrophaneura alcinous (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

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