A Sketch of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) and the Relational Elaboration and Coherence (REC) Model

Barnes‐Holmes, Dermot; Barnes‐Holmes, Yvonne; Stewart, Ian; Boles, Shawn M.

doi:10.1007/bf03395726

Cited by 227 publications

(190 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This indicated that the more negative the participant was regarding children with autism the lower they rated children in general on the explicit measure. These findings could be seen as contradictory to previous research, whereby individuals typically tend to be motivated to mask negative socially sensitive attitudes, thus producing a divergence between implicit and explicit measures (Barnes-Holmes et al, 2010). However, as noted above more severe diagnoses may produce more explicitly negative attitudes (Dowjotas, 2009;Wang et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…For example, previous studies on the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) indicated that participants were able to control their responding, particularly when they had some prior experience with the procedure, or were instructed in how to fake their responses (Fiedler & Bluemke, 2005;Kim, 2003). Another implicit measure however, the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP; Barnes-Holmes, Barnes-Holmes, Stewart, & Boles, 2010), has been more successful in that participants were found to be unable to fake the IRAP effect (McKenna, Barnes-Holmes, Barnes-Holmes, & Stewart, 2007). Indeed, even when participants were provided with explicit instructions on how to fake the IRAP the effects are neither removed nor reversed.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Implicit attitudes towards children with autism versus normally developing children as predictors of professional burnout and psychopathology

Kelly

Barnes‐Holmes

2013

Research in Developmental Disabilities

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit attitudes towards children with autism versus normally developing children as predictors of professional burnout and psychopathology

Kelly

Barnes‐Holmes

2013

Research in Developmental Disabilities

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“…Across three separate studies we divided participants into two groups (normalweight and obese), manipulated their access to food and then administered a series of questionnaires and an indirect procedure known as the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP; Barnes-Holmes, Barnes-Holmes, Stewart, & Boles, 2010; Vahey, Nicholson, & BarnesHolmes, 2015). Unlike other tasks, the IRAP was designed to assess the speed and accuracy with which stimuli and events are related.…”

Section: The Current Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity, food restriction, and implicit attitudes to healthy and unhealthy foods: Lessons learned from the implicit relational assessment procedure

et al. 2016

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. Electronic mail should be sent to sean.hughes@ugent.be. IRAP Food Cognition 2 AbstractIt has been argued that obese individuals evaluate high caloric, palatable foods more positively than their normal weight peers, and that this positivity bias causes them to consume such foods, even when healthy alternatives are available. Yet when self-reported and automatic food preferences are assessed no such evaluative biases tend to emerge. We argue that situational (food deprivation) and methodological factors may explain why implicit measures often fail to discriminate between the food-evaluations of these two groups. Across three studies we manipulated the food deprivation state of clinically obese and normal-weight participants and then exposed them to an indirect procedure (IRAP) and self-report questionnaires. We found that automatic food-related cognition was moderated by a person's weight status and food deprivation state. Our findings suggest that the diagnostic and predictive value of implicit measures may be increased when (a) situational moderators are taken into consideration and (b)we pay greater attention to the different ways in which people automatically relate rather than simply categorize food stimuli. The Western world is currently facing an obesity epidemic. Over the past three decades, obesity rates have exploded at an alarming rate (Finucane et al., 2011), to the point that one in three adults in the United States (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014) as well as one in five Europeans are currently overweight (WHO, 2013). As prevalence rates have grown so too have the health-related, socioeconomic, and psychological costs associated with this phenomenon (Finkelstein, Ruhm, & Kosal, 2005;Wardle & Cooke, 2005). With obesity comes an increased risk of type-II diabetes, adult heart disease, as well as several forms of cancer and premature morbidity (Reilly, et al., 2003;Wang, McPherson, Marsh, Gortmaker, & Brown, 2011). In addition to its economic burden, obesity is also associated with a host of psychosocial problems, including anxiety, depression, and social discrimination (see Puhl & Heuer, 2009; Sutin, Stephan, & Terracciano, 2015;Wang et al., 2011). If we are to design effective interventions to ameliorate or even reverse this epidemic then research will need to elucidate those factors that contribute to the development and maintenance of this phenomenon.One such factor appears to be food choice, and in particular, the excessive consumption of energy dense foods containing high levels of calories, sugars, and fat as well as the under consumption of nutrient dense foods such as fresh fruits and vegetables. Accumulating evidence suggests that obese individuals tend to consume higher levels of fats, sugars, and proteins than their normal-weight counterparts (e.g., Mai et al., 2011;McGloin et al., 2002;Nicklas, Yang, Baranowski, Zakeri, & Berenson, 2003). Several authors have sought to explain this maladaptive pattern of behavior in terms of food-related evaluations. That is, obese individuals are t...

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“…This has produced a procedure that has shown utility in assessing the relative strength of relational responding: the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP: Barnes-Holmes, Barnes-Holmes, Stewart, & Boles, 2010). IRAP research now represents one of the forefronts of RFT research (Barnes-Holmes et al, in press).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpreting and inverting with less cursing: A guide to interpreting IRAP data

Hussey

Thompson

McEnteggart

et al. 2015

Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science

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A Sketch of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) and the Relational Elaboration and Coherence (REC) Model

Abstract: The current article outlines a behavior-analytic approach to the study of so

Cited by 227 publications

References 29 publications

Implicit attitudes towards children with autism versus normally developing children as predictors of professional burnout and psychopathology

Implicit attitudes towards children with autism versus normally developing children as predictors of professional burnout and psychopathology

Obesity, food restriction, and implicit attitudes to healthy and unhealthy foods: Lessons learned from the implicit relational assessment procedure

Interpreting and inverting with less cursing: A guide to interpreting IRAP data

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