A Skeletal Muscle Actuator for an Artificial Heart

Sasaki, Eisaku; Murakawa, Shinji; Mori, Yoshio; Yamada, Takuya; Itoh, Hiroyasu; Itō, Makoto; Senga, Shoshi; Sakai, Shizuo; Katagiri, Yuki

doi:10.1097/00002480-199207000-00086

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…1,10,19 However, reporting of individual device output or performance does not allow determination of the linear muscle capabilities. Knowledge of these performance characteristics of LDM in a linear orientation can be used to predict acute device performance, to evaluate the relative effects of muscle conditioning protocols, and to assist in the initial stages of MCAD development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linear Performance Characteristics of Latissimus Dorsi Muscle: Potential for Cardiac Assistance

2003

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Knowledge of the quantitative performance capabilities of skeletal muscle in a linear geometry is necessary to predict the performance and to optimize the design of linearly configured, skeletal muscle powered cardiac assist devices (MCADs). This study determined the performance characteristics of goat latissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) using a linear, ex vivo experimental apparatus. In five goats, the LDM (130.6 +/- 18.8 g) was dissected free of its distal attachments, connected to a series of weights (500 to 2250 g), and maximal tetanic contractions were elicited via thoracodorsal nerve stimulation. Second order polynomial equations were derived to represent each of the following variables versus load: muscle prestretch (range 1.5 to 5.4 cm), contraction duration (220 to 360 milliseconds), contraction shortening distance (13.5 to 10.9 cm), contraction velocity (60 to 31 cm/s), generated stroke power (3 to 7 W), and stroke work (0.7 to 2.4 J). Analysis of the potential stroke volumes obtained with a linearly configured, cylindrically shaped MCAD directly coupled to the circulation indicate that a feasible MCAD operating region exists based on the LDM performance data across a range of device geometries and mean ejection pressures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linear Performance Characteristics of Latissimus Dorsi Muscle: Potential for Cardiac Assistance

2003

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“…Twenty-one years later, Spitzer (26) published a conjectural treatise describing a hydraulic implant comprising ''a piston slidably disposed within a cylinder'' designed for placement between the origin and insertion of the gracilis muscle. In 1992, Sasaki and colleagues (24) introduced a system that employed a flexible rod, sheath, crank, and cam to transmit muscle power to a pusher-plate blood pump. Later that same year, Farrar and Hill (2) reported the development of a ''skeletal muscle-powered, linear-pull energy convertor for powering .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A permanent prosthesis for converting in situ muscle contractions into hydraulic power for cardiac assist

Trumble

Magovern

1997

Journal of Applied Physiology

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The key to utilizing muscle power for circulatory support lies with the development of a practical scheme by which contractile energy may be collected and efficiently delivered to the bloodstream. This work describes initial in vitro testing of a prototype muscle energy converter (MEC) designed to transform the power of in situ muscle contractions into hydraulic form. The MEC resembles a simple piston pump and is designed for implant beneath the humeral insertion of the latissimus dorsi muscle. Bench tests were conducted to measure component function and to characterize device performance under various hydraulic loads. Under simulated muscle-pull conditions, MEC energy transfer capacity was found to be 170 mJ/stroke while operating at peak efficiencies (i.e., > 98% of input power converted into hydraulic energy and preload work). Transfer efficiencies dropped from 96 to 38% as mean generated pressures increased from 23 to 36 N/cm2 due to metal bellows flexion. These results demonstrate that a significant amount of contractile energy can be efficiently transformed to hydraulic power via this mechanism.

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“…The linear pull force of the skeletal muscle has been utilized to actuate blood pumps through translation of the muscle force into the mechanical forces of a cam ( 9) and hydraulic piston system ( 10). In our study, a roller screw linear muscle actuator (RSLMA) has been developed to translate the linear pull force of the muscle into the axial force of the roller screw and to actuate the pusher plate pump ( 13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To improve the quality of life (QOL) of the patients, completely implantable systems are also under development with external electrical power being transmitted inside the body using a transcutaneous energy transfer system (TETS) ( 4, 5). As an alternative to the TETS concept, utilization of biological power such as skeletal muscle force has also been sought by wrapping it around the heart to help eject the ventricle ( 6, 7), forming a skeletal muscle ventricle ( 8) and coupling it with the artificial ventricle ( 9, 10). During 1985–1991, a total of 78 patients went through a Phase I trial of the cardiomyoplasty procedure ( 11).…”

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confidence: 99%

Ex Vivo Evaluation of a Roller Screw Linear Muscle Actuator for an Implantable Ventricular Assist Device Using Trained and Untrained Latissimus Dorsi Muscles

Sasaki

Chikazawa²,

Nogawa

et al. 1999

Artificial Organs

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In this study, the power output and contraction length of trained and untrained canine latissimus dorsi (LD) muscles were measured using a roller screw linear muscle actuator (RSLMA). The RSLMA consisted of a roller screw-nut assembly and translation unit to convert the linear pull force of the muscle into an axial displacement of the roller screw. When a cable wound around a spool attached at each end of the roller screw nut was pulled in either direction, the nut was rotated which in turn advanced the roller screw in the axial direction. Under anesthesia, a Telectronics myostimulator (Model 7220) was implanted in the subcutaneous area of the canine left thoracic region with its bipolar intramuscular leads implanted around the thoracodorsal nerve and the distal muscle. A total of 6 dogs went through the myostimulator implantation, followed with 8 weeks of continuous stimulation. After completion of the training, the contraction lengths of the trained and untrained LD muscles were measured, and they were 4.25 and 5.5 cm, respectively, while the instantaneous power outputs were 4.24 and 8 W, respectively. Although untrained muscles could provide much higher instantaneous power immediately following the start of the stimulation, it diminished rapidly. On the other hand, the trained muscle showed prolonged fatigue resistance. The thoracolumbar and humeral approaches in attaching the actuator cable did not show a difference with respect to muscle power output. The trained LD muscle can provide sufficient power in the range of 3-4 W to drive a left heart assist device, but its long-term evaluation awaits development of an appropriate muscle-device interface for chronic in vivo application.

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A Skeletal Muscle Actuator for an Artificial Heart

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Linear Performance Characteristics of Latissimus Dorsi Muscle: Potential for Cardiac Assistance

Linear Performance Characteristics of Latissimus Dorsi Muscle: Potential for Cardiac Assistance

A permanent prosthesis for converting in situ muscle contractions into hydraulic power for cardiac assist

Ex Vivo Evaluation of a Roller Screw Linear Muscle Actuator for an Implantable Ventricular Assist Device Using Trained and Untrained Latissimus Dorsi Muscles

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