“…Strain gradient theories were also used to analyze void size effect on the stress distribution and void growth in porous solids (Liu et al, 2003;Wen et al, 2005;Monchiet and Bonnet, 2013). Furthermore, strain gradient constitutive models were established for crystalline solids in order to reveal the grain size effect on mechanical properties of single-, bi-and poly-crystals (Smyshlyaev and Fleck, 1996;Siddiq et al, 2007;Wu et al, 2012;Xiao et al, 2015;Lyu et al, 2015). Acharya and Beaudoin et al proposed a grain-size dependent hardening law for viscoplastic poly-crystals, in which an intrinsic length scale was incorporated into the constitutive equation via a gradient measure of lattice incompatibility Beaudoin et al, 2000).…”