Electrochemical reduction of CO2 using solid oxide electrolysis
cells (SOECs) has emerged as an attractive approach for converting
CO2 to high energy molecules, such as CO, a key precursor
for the synthesis of fuels and chemicals using the commercially established
Fischer–Tropsch process. The in situ generation
of syngas (CO and H2) has also been demonstrated in SOECs
through the coelectrolysis of CO2 and H2O. However,
conventional Ni-based SOEC cathodes exhibit high overpotential losses
associated with CO2 activation, leading to the disproportional
activation of CO2 and H2O during coelectrolysis,
facilitating the equilibrium-limited thermochemical reverse water
gas shift (RWGS) reaction. Thus, identification of factors that govern
CO2 activation on transition metal electrocatalysts is
important toward optimizing the performance of SOEC cathodes for modulated
production of syngas. Herein, we experimentally assess the electrocatalytic
performance of monometallic transition metal electrocatalysts (Fe,
Ni, and Pd) toward electrochemical CO2 reduction in SOECs
with the aim of understanding the electrocatalyst characteristics
that govern this performance. We report that metal oxophilicity (a
property correlated to the strength of metal–oxygen bonding)
plays an important role in the energetics associated with electrochemical
CO2 reduction and electrocatalyst deactivation via oxidation. We suggest that a compromise in the oxophilicity
of the metal is required to achieve optimal electrochemical activity
and stability because CO2 activation is facile on highly
oxophilic transition metals to the left of Ni (i.e., Fe); however, strong oxygen binding on these metals leads to their
deactivation via oxidation. Potential approaches
that facilitate the electronic structure modulation of transitional
metals to optimize their surface oxophilicity, such as alloying, are
suggested.