A “Single‐Sample Concept” (SSC): A New Approach to the Combinatorial Chemistry of Inorganic Materials

Abstract

Combinatorial estimations show that, within an unreacted ceramic sample prepared by mixing N different starting materials MxOy with average particle size approximately 1 microm, there are about 10(12) grains per cubic centimeter, sufficient for local reactions to occur that may produce a larger number of product oxides than presently accessible by 2D plate techniques. The "single-sample concept" (SSC) is proposed for performing property-directed syntheses for the preparation of ferri-/ferromagnetic or superconducting compounds. Because of the magnetic properties of the products, libraries of product grains can be sorted by means of magnetic separation techniques. For materials with a large magnetization, the separation efficiency is so high that traces of products can be isolated. The SSC concept was tested experimentally to prepare Fe-based oxides (N=17, 24, 30). The large yields (<75 wt %, N=17) of product grains agree with the literature data, which indicate that 3d metal magnetic oxide phases (Tc>300 K) are most probably Fe oxides. In combination with magnetic separation techniques, SSC seems particularly adapted for exploring the solid-state chemistry of metallic lead elements that form ferri-/ferromagnetic or superconducting oxide phases difficult to detect systematically within the large phase space of theoretically existing compounds.

Combinatorial and High‐Throughput Materials Science

“…Analyses of single grains by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a library consisting of individual grains of magnetic Fe oxides. [212] As calculations show, the number of reactions performed in parallel in a single sample can be orders of magnitude higher than achieved by present 2D approaches. Furthermore, this concept is not restricted to inorganic chemistry, but also has a counterpart in organic or molecular chemistry in the form of branched architectures of functionalized monomers that lead to the formation of unique, asymmetric dendritic species with multiple functionalities.…”

“…Between these two extremes there is a continuous transition, which opens up the possibility of various intermediate approaches, such as, for example, the single-sample concept (SSC) proposed by Hulliger and Awan. [212,213] In this approach, a single sample of approximately 1 cm 3 is prepared by treating N randomly mixed starting materials by solid-state reactions. Whereas in traditional ceramic synthesis only a small number of components (usually 2-4) are reacted by thermal treatment, which results in one stable product at nearly any place within the sample-at least after a long reaction time-a large number of starting materials N each randomly constituted in a neighborhood of grains, which leads to a so-called local configuration C of different elements and corresponding masses, may lead in principle to a new multicomponent compound.…”

Design a new high intensity magnetic separator with permanent magnets for industrial applications

“…This combines the permanent magnet's advantage of low running costs with the solenoid's advantage to flush the filter in place. The utilization of Nd-Fe-B magnets into the yoke allows high magnetic inductions leading to efficient and fast separation of magnetic supports used in biotech processes [9,10,[12][13][14][15][16]18,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28].…”

Kombinatorische und Hochdurchsatz‐Techniken in der Materialforschung

“…B. das Einzelprobenkonzept (single sample concept, SSC) von Hulliger und Awan. [212,213] In diesem Ansatz wird eine einzelne Probe in der Größe von ca. 1 cm 3 hergestellt, indem N willkürlich gemischte Startmaterialien in einer Festkörperreaktion miteinander reagieren.…”