A single positively selected West Nile viral mutation confers increased virogenesis in American crows

Brault, Aaron C.; Huang, Claire Y.‐H.; Langevin, Stanley A.; Kinney, Richard M.; Bowen, Richard A.; Ramey, Wanichaya N.; Panella, Nicholas A.; Holmes, Edward C.; Powers, Ann M.; Miller, Barry R.

doi:10.1038/ng2097

Cited by 306 publications

(304 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Several examples of single-nucleotide polymorphisms having pronounced evolutionary consequences can be cited -e.g., in genes involved in pathogen virulence (Brault et al, 2007) or pigmentation (Nachman et al, 2003;Manceau et al, 2010). Because the positively selected sites in the MC1R identified in this study are located in critical regions of ligand binding of the protein, functional changes in these regions might have direct consequences for some phenotypes.…”

Section: Selection On Mc1rmentioning

confidence: 88%

Molecular evolution of the pigmentation gene melanocortin-1 receptor in rodents

Gonçalves

Paixão‐Côrtes²,

Freitas³

2013

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT. Adaptive variation in the melanocortin 1-receptor gene (MC1R), a key locus in melanogenesis, has been identified in some species of rodents. However, in others, MC1R has no causative role in pigmentation phenotypes despite their coat color variation. In this study, we characterized the rates and patterns of MC1R nucleotide and amino acid sequence evolution and, particularly, selective pressures in the separated domains of the protein using a comparative analysis of 43 species representing three major lineages of rodents with variable coat colors. We found high amino acid variation (44% of sites) throughout the protein. Most substitutions were observed in extracellular and transmembrane domains; the intracellular segment was conserved across species. Pairwise non-synonymous substitutions did not vary significantly in different domains among the rodent lineages -i.e., variation was not associated with phylogenetic distance. Phylogenybased likelihood analysis suggested that purifying selection has mostly shaped the evolutionary course of MC1R. However, a high proportion of sites (27%) were under relaxation of functional constraints (ω = 0.38), and four sites (3, 14, 26, and 251) clearly evolved under positive selection (ω ≅ 2.9). Thus, our data indicate a high proportion of sites evolving under relaxed evolutionary constraints, which might indicate the evolvability of the system in the generation of adaptive changes in specific taxa in rodent lineages.

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Section: Selection On Mc1rmentioning

confidence: 88%

Molecular evolution of the pigmentation gene melanocortin-1 receptor in rodents

Gonçalves

Paixão‐Côrtes²,

Freitas³

2013

Genet. Mol. Res.

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“…Infectious clones of lineage 2, African strain B956 [26], lineage 1, American NY99 [1,3,30,36,43,50], and Australian Kunjin strains [8,40] have been generated and used to decipher the role of viral proteins in virulence [43,51], neuroinvasiveness [1,36] and escape from host defences [23,52], as well as to evaluate the impact of point mutations [23,53,54]. These tools have substantially facilitated identification of molecular determinants of WNV virulence, albeit in a non-European context.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is thus important to extend molecular studies of WNV to European strains, for which results have sometimes been at odds with those for the NY99 strain. Brault et al [54] identified a point mutation, T249P, in NS3, as playing an important role in the virulence of NY99 in American crows, while Sotelo et al [55] showed that a 2007 Spanish strain bore the same mutation but was much less virulent than the NY99 strain in mice. Clearly, comparison of molecular clones derived from different continents is indispensable for identifying the genetic differences underlying the different epidemiological patterns.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

IS-98-ST1 West Nile virus derived from an infectious cDNA clone retains neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence properties of the original virus

Bahuon

Desprès

Pardigon

et al. 2012

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science

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Infectious clones of West Nile virus (WNV) have previously been generated and used to decipher the role of viral proteins in WNV virulence. The majority of molecular clones obtained to date have been derived from North American, Australian, or African isolates. Here, we describe the construction of an infectious cDNA clone of a Mediterranean WNV strain, IS-98-ST1. We characterized the biological properties of the recovered recombinant virus in cell culture and in mice. The growth kinetics of recombinant and parental WNV were similar in Vero cells. Moreover, the phenotype of recombinant and parental WNV was indistinguishable as regards viremia, viral load in the brain, and mortality in susceptible and resistant mice. Finally, the pathobiology of the infectious clone was examined in embryonated chicken eggs. The capacity of different WNV strains to replicate in embryonated chicken eggs closely paralleled their ability to replicate in mice, suggesting that inoculation of embryonated chicken eggs could provide a practical in vivo model for the study of WNV pathogenesis. In conclusion, the IS-98-ST1 infectious clone will allow assessment of the impact of selected mutations and novel genomic changes appearing in emerging European strains pathogenicity and endemic or epidemic potential. This will be invaluable in the context of an increasing number of outbreaks and enhanced severity of infections in the Mediterranean basin and Eastern Europe.

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“…A mutation causing a single amino-acid substitution in the WNV genome generated a virus phenotype that was highly virulent to birds and particularly corvids (Brault et al, 2007). Compared to other bird species, corvids develop very high viral titers in blood and tissues, which contribute to pathology and death Reisen et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathology Associated With West Nile Virus Infections in the Yellow-Billed Magpie (Pica Nuttalli): A California Endemic Bird

Ernest

Woods

Hoar

2010

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Yellow-billed Magpies (Pica nuttalli, Corvidae) are found exclusively in central California and have experienced alarming West Nile virus (WNV)-associated mortality since 2004. The first reported case of WNV in the species was reported in July 2004. Subsequently, 81% (304/ 374) of dead magpies submitted that year to the California Department of Health Services Dead Bird Surveillance Program were WNV positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. We studied 43 magpie carcasses collected in 2004 and observed distinctive lesions in 24 birds that tested positive for WNV. Lesions included vasculitis and necrosis, and organs affected included brain, heart, liver, and gastrointestinal tract. From the severity of lesions observed, we suspect that a rapid onset of morbidity and mortality occurs with the Yellow-billed Magpie. Examination of bird survey data indicates that Yellow-billed Magpie abundance declined coincidentally with the onset of WNV in California. The home range and habitat of the species are nested within known areas of WNV transmission. Yellow-billed Magpies may be at risk of a decline and population bottleneck. Observations and experience with the Yellow-billed Magpie and WNV may provide insights for other endangered corvids that have not yet been exposed to WNV, including the Hawaiian Crow (Corvus hawaiiensis) and Island Scrub Jay (Aphelocoma insularis).

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A single positively selected West Nile viral mutation confers increased virogenesis in American crows

Cited by 306 publications

References 29 publications

Molecular evolution of the pigmentation gene melanocortin-1 receptor in rodents

Molecular evolution of the pigmentation gene melanocortin-1 receptor in rodents

IS-98-ST1 West Nile virus derived from an infectious cDNA clone retains neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence properties of the original virus

Pathology Associated With West Nile Virus Infections in the Yellow-Billed Magpie (Pica Nuttalli): A California Endemic Bird

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