“…Table 1 shows that the majority of solutions is based on bipolar junction transistors, exploiting the benefit of exponential characteristics specially in the accurate current multipliers discussed below. These bipolar topologies meet well the requirements for the exact functionality, good dynamic range and speed (commonly in tens of MHz and more), but at the cost of a large area and current consumption (standardly not mentioned), which is no longer acceptable in the small CMOS technologies [ 3 , 4 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 16 , 17 ]. A large number of previous concepts (CMOS especially) was not tested experimentally, mostly just simple simulation results are shown (without modeling of real effects in many cases) [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 10 , 11 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 17 ].…”