A single dose of the organophosphate triazophos induces fear extinction deficits accompanied by hippocampal acetylcholinesterase inhibition

Rodrigues, João Vitor Ferreira; Vidigal, A.P.P.; Minassa, Vítor Sampaio; Batista, Thatiany Jardim; Lima, Randriely Merscher Sobreira de; Funck, Vinícius Rafael; Antero, Leandro S.; Resstel, Leonardo Barbosa Moraes; Coitinho, Juliana Barbosa; Bertoglio, Leandro J.; Sampaio, Karla Nívea; Beijamini, Vanessa

doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2020.106929

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Consistent with our results, it is shown that infusion of physostigmine into the distal hippocampus prior to conditioning, which increases Ach levels in the region, enhances the retrieval of contextual fear memory (Rogers and Kesner, 2004). According to a recent study, the administration of triazophos, an organothiophosphate insecticide, impairs freezing and inhibits hippocampal acetylcholinesterase activity in rats (Rodrigues et al ., 2020). An early study indicated that hippocampal Ach release is enhanced in the conditioned vs. nonconditioned control rats (Nail-Boucherie et al ., 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium butyrate enhances fear extinction and rescues hippocampal acetylcholinesterase activity in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder

Mohammadi-Farani¹,

Limoee

Shirooie³

2021

Behavioural Pharmacology

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It is believed that impaired extinction of fear memories is an underlying cause for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Histone deacetylases (HDAC) are enzymes that modulate extinction by changing the chromatin structure and altering protein synthesis in the brain. Studies show that stress modifies both HDAC activity and cerebral cholinergic neurotransmission. The present work aims to evaluate the effect of sodium butyrate (NaBu), an HDAC inhibitor, on behavioral markers of extinction and biochemical changes in HDAC and acetylcholinesterase activity in the hippocampus. NaBu was administered for 7 days in a group of rats that were exposed to single prolonged stress (SPS), as a model for PTSD. Contextual fear conditioning was performed on the 8th day, and fear extinction was measured in the next 4 consecutive days. Other behavioral tests to measure anxiety, locomotor activity and working memory were performed for further interpretation of the results. Hippocampal acetylcholinesterase and HDAC activity were also measured through biochemical tests. Behavioral results showed that treatment with NaBu can reverse the SPS-induced extinction deficits. Biochemical data indicated that while SPS induced overactivity in hippocampal HDAC, it decreased acetylcholinesterase activity in the region. Both effects were reversed after NaBu treatment. It seems that at least part of extinction deficiency in SPS exposed rats is related to hypoacetylation of acetylcholinesterase in the hippocampus. Preemptive therapy with an HDAC inhibitor reverses this process and is worth further evaluation as a possible therapeutic approach in PTSD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium butyrate enhances fear extinction and rescues hippocampal acetylcholinesterase activity in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder

Mohammadi-Farani¹,

Limoee

Shirooie³

2021

Behavioural Pharmacology

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“…Similarly, Baldissera et al . [ 74 ] suggested that exposure to aquaculture-relevant concentrations (11 mg L −1 ) of trichlorfon, an organophosphate pesticide, could elicit behavioral abnormalities associated with impairment of locomotion activity, a condition that can be caused by cerebral oxidative damage, depression of the antioxidant defense system, and inhibition of AChE activity [ 75 ]. Studies have suggested the existence of a threshold relationship between AChE inhibition and swimming performance.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The findings suggest that there may be other neural parameters that are affected and that influence larval behavioral changes. Gene modulation may be involved in cholinergic neurotransmission [ 79 ], while pharmacological and optogenetic manipulations of cholinergic neurotransmission in the hippocampal and amygdala regions suggest a specific role of cholinergic receptors in modulating the conditioned fear and extinction responses [ 75 ]. Furthermore, in rapid acceleration movements, red muscle not only produces power, but also has an important role in tuning the effective body stiffness.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecotoxicity evaluation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded with ascorbic acid for fish nutrition in aquaculture

et al. 2021

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Background Ascorbic acid (AA) is a micronutrient essential for the mechanisms of reproduction, growth, and defense in fish. However, the biosynthesis of this micronutrient does not occur in fish, so it must be supplied with food. A difficulty is that plain AA is unstable, due to the effects of light, high temperature, and oxygen, among others. The use of nanoencapsulation may provide protection and preserve the physicochemical characteristics of AA for extended periods of time, decreasing losses due to environmental factors. Method This study evaluated the protective effect of nanoencapsulation in polymeric nanoparticles (chitosan and polycaprolactone) against AA degradation. Evaluation was made of the physicochemical stability of the nanoformulations over time, as well as the toxicological effects in zebrafish (Danio rerio), considering behavior, development, and enzymatic activity. For the statistical tests, ANOVA (two-way, significance of p < 0.05) was used. Results Both nanoparticle formulations showed high encapsulation efficiency and good physicochemical stability during 90 days. Chitosan (CS) and polycaprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles loaded with AA had mean diameters of 314 and 303 nm and polydispersity indexes of 0.36 and 0.28, respectively. Both nanosystems provided protection against degradation of AA exposed to an oxidizing agent, compared to plain AA. Total degradation of AA was observed after 7, 20, and 480 min for plain AA, the CS nanoparticle formulation, and the PCL nanoparticle formulation, respectively. For zebrafish larvae, the LC50 values were 330.7, 57.4, and 179.6 mg/L for plain AA, the CS nanoparticle formulation, and the PCL nanoparticle formulation, respectively. In toxicity assays using AA at a concentration of 50 mg/L, both types of nanoparticles loaded with AA showed lower toxicity towards the development of the zebrafish, compared to plain AA at the same concentration. Although decreased activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) did not affect the swimming behavior of zebrafish larvae in the groups evaluated, it may have been associated with the observed morphometric changes, such as curvature of the tail. Conclusions This study showed that the use of nanosystems is promising for fish nutritional supplementation in aquaculture. In particular, PCL nanoparticles loaded with AA seemed to be most promising, due to higher protection against AA degradation, as well as lower toxicity to zebrafish, compared to the chitosan nanoparticles. The use of nanotechnology opens new perspectives for aquaculture, enabling the reduction of feed nutrient losses, leading to faster fish growth and improved sustainability of this activity. Graphic Abstract

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Cholinergic neurotransmission in the basolateral amygdala during cued fear extinction

Kellis

Kaigler

Witherspoon

et al. 2020

Neurobiology of Stress

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A single dose of the organophosphate triazophos induces fear extinction deficits accompanied by hippocampal acetylcholinesterase inhibition

Cited by 3 publications

References 80 publications

Sodium butyrate enhances fear extinction and rescues hippocampal acetylcholinesterase activity in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder

Sodium butyrate enhances fear extinction and rescues hippocampal acetylcholinesterase activity in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder

Ecotoxicity evaluation of polymeric nanoparticles loaded with ascorbic acid for fish nutrition in aquaculture

Cholinergic neurotransmission in the basolateral amygdala during cued fear extinction

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