A single automated instrument for monitoring total trihalomethane and total haloacetic acid concentrations in near real-time

Emmert, Gary L.; Geme, Gija; Brown, Michael A.; Simone, Paul S.

doi:10.1016/j.aca.2009.10.002

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The CV% was 5-6% higher when SPME fibres were used compared with directly injecting para-cresol in milliQ water. This CV% (approximately 20%) is similar to that reported for high throughput analytical equipment such as capillary membrane samplers (Emmert et al 2009) or liquid membrane microextraction (Kou et al 2004).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

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Matrix effects of milk, dairy factory wastewater and soil water on the determination of disinfection by‐products and para‐cresol using solid‐phase microextraction

Heaven

Verheyen

Reynolds

et al. 2013

Int J of Dairy Tech

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Assessing pollutant concentrations can be hampered by the complex matrices found in the dairy supply/processing chain. Matrix effects were examined using solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) used to sample haloacetic acid methyl esters (HAAMe) and para‐cresol. In general, HAAMe were more difficult to detect with a polydimethylsiloxane fibre than with carboxen–polydimethylsiloxane fibre. Headspace sampling generally provided better detection of HAAMe than direct immersion with the reverse true for para‐cresol. For para‐cresol, equivalent ratios up to 18.8 were detected. Other compounds detected included sulphides, VOC's, phenols and indoles. For milk samples, most compounds collected by SPME were found using direct immersion.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

“…This CV% (approximately 20%) is similar to that reported for high throughput analytical equipment such as capillary membrane samplers (Emmert et al . ) or liquid membrane microextraction (Kou et al . ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Matrix effects of milk, dairy factory wastewater and soil water on the determination of disinfection by‐products and para‐cresol using solid‐phase microextraction

Heaven

Verheyen

Reynolds

et al. 2013

Int J of Dairy Tech

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“…Certain VOCs may persist in groundwater and move into drinking water supplies. Therefore, VOCs have been detected in aqueous matrices such as in ground and surface waters [7,8,9,10,11], drinking water [12,13,14,15,16], river water [17,18,19], and seawater [20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. In general, organic pollutants that might have a toxicological impact have been found in many marine areas (e.g., northwestern Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea, the harbor of Naples, Haifa, the Saronikos Gulf, the Sea of Marmara, and the northwestern Black Sea) [29,30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward the Required Detection Limits for Volatile Organic Constituents in Marine Environments with Infrared Evanescent Field Chemical Sensors

Dettenrieder

Raichlin

Katzir

et al. 2019

Sensors

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A portable sensor system for the simultaneous detection of multiple environmentally relevant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in real seawater based on Fourier transform infrared fiber-optic evanescent wave spectroscopy (FT-IR-FEWS) was developed. A cylindrical silver halide (AgX) fiber with an ethylene/propylene copolymer (E/P-co) coated flattened segment was used as an active optical transducer. The polymer membrane enriches the hydrophobic analytes, while water is effectively excluded from the penetration depth of the evanescent field. Determination of multicomponent mixtures (i.e., 10 VOCs in real-world seawater samples) collected in Arcachon Bay, France revealed a high accuracy and reproducibility with detection limits down to 560 ppb. The measurement showed no significant influence from changing water conditions (e.g., salinity, turbidity, and temperature or other interfering substances). The time constants for 90% saturation of the polymer ranged from 20 to 60 min. The sensor system is capable of being transported for on-site monitoring of environmental pollutants in aqueous matrices with efficient long-term stability, thus showing great potential to be utilized as an early warning system.

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“…Our recent study has shown that Electrochemically Activated Solutions (ECAS) can be utilized within a POU drinking water system to produce biologically safe drinking water (Clayton et al, in press), and this disinfection system is now a Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) approved product for use in public water supply in the UK (Drinking Water Inspectorate, 2018). The production of trihalomethanes within drinking water systems is known over the medium (hours) to long-term (days/weeks) (Rodriguez and Serodes, 2001;Rossman et al, 2001;Emmert et al, 2009;Brown et al, 2010;Guilherme and Rodriguez, 2015). However, within POU drinking water treatment systems where alternative disinfectants are applied over a short contact time (≤10 min), THM formation is largely unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Trihalomethane Formation Using Chlorine-Based Disinfectants Within a Model System; Applications Within Point-of-Use Drinking Water Treatment

Clayton

Thorn

Reynolds

2019

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Point-of-use (POU) drinking water treatment systems provide solutions for communities where centralized facilities are unavailable. Effective POU systems treat and reduce the number of pathogens in POU water supplies often employing disinfection. Chlorine disinfection results in the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), such as trihalomethanes (THMs), through the reaction of chlorine with natural organic matter (NOM) over time. Although THMs are known to be harmful to human health, little is known about their production within POU systems. This study compares the disinfectants; Electrochemically Activated Solutions (ECAS), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), with respect to their potential to produce THMs within POU drinking water systems. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was utilized to quantify THMs in treated water samples containing NOM (Suwannee River humic acid, 4 mg L −1). All disinfection treatments were matched to free chlorine concentrations of 1, 3, and 5 mg L −1 , using reaction times of 1, 5, and 10 min. THMs were produced at free chlorine concentrations of 5 mg L −1 and at reaction times of 5 and 10 min for all disinfectants. ECAS or HOCl, resulted in the formation of significantly lower total THM concentrations across all reaction times and free chlorine concentrations, compared to NaOCl. ECAS can be generated at the POU requiring only water, salt and energy for production, and this study demonstrates that its use results in reduced formation of THMs, compared with NaOCl. Further work is required to replicate these findings within scaled-up POU water treatment systems.

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A single automated instrument for monitoring total trihalomethane and total haloacetic acid concentrations in near real-time

Cited by 13 publications

References 38 publications

Matrix effects of milk, dairy factory wastewater and soil water on the determination of disinfection by‐products and para‐cresol using solid‐phase microextraction

Matrix effects of milk, dairy factory wastewater and soil water on the determination of disinfection by‐products and para‐cresol using solid‐phase microextraction

Toward the Required Detection Limits for Volatile Organic Constituents in Marine Environments with Infrared Evanescent Field Chemical Sensors

Comparison of Trihalomethane Formation Using Chlorine-Based Disinfectants Within a Model System; Applications Within Point-of-Use Drinking Water Treatment

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