A simulation-based analysis for effective distribution of COVID-19 vaccines: A case study in Norway

Abstract

Since December 2020, the vaccines from several manufacturers, e.g., Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna, etc., have been approved for mass vaccination to control the COVID-19 pandemic, which has caused more than 100 million infections and 2.4 million deaths. These vaccines are produced and transported in large quantities to suffice the needs of several countries. Before arriving at the end-users, the vaccines need to be stored at extremely low temperatures and distributed through reliable cold chain logistics networks. Thus, the timely and cost-effective distribution of COVID-19 vaccines via cold chain logistics has become a complex operational challenge. In this paper, we develop a simulation-based approach combining both route optimization and dynamic simulation to improve the logistics performance for COVID-19 vaccine distribution. A state-of-the-art simulation package called anyLogistix is used to perform a real-world case study in Norway. With the data of periodic vaccine demands, customer and warehouse locations, vehicle-related costs and emissions, and expected service levels, implications are obtained based on the analysis of several scenarios. Our experimental results reveal that the service level, cost-effectiveness, environmental performance, and equity of a cold chain vaccine logistics system can be significantly influenced by the fleet size, the fleet composition, the type of vehicle used, and the route optimization. Thus, these factors need to be holistically considered in the planning of an effective COVID-19 vaccine distribution system.

A Data-Driven Digital Application to Enhance the Capacity Planning of the COVID-19 Vaccination Process

“…By applying the developed methodology in the city of Warsaw in Poland, the authors demonstrated ways to achieve uniform vaccination coverage throughout the city. In the recent study of [ 10 ], a simulation-based approach is presented which combines route optimization and dynamic simulation to improve the logistics performance of the COVID-19 vaccine distribution. The result of their scenario analysis shows that service level, cost-effectiveness, environmental performance, and equity of a cold chain vaccine logistics system can be significantly influenced by the fleet size, the fleet composition, the type of vehicle used, and the route optimization.…”

Data analytics during pandemics: a transportation and location planning perspective

“…( 2020 ) Mexico Hernández-Pérez and Ponce-Ortega ( 2021 ) Norway Sun et al. ( 2021a ) Sierra Leone Eyres et al. ( 2015 ) South Korea Singgih ( 2020 ) Turkey Tirkolaee et al.…”

“…( 2021 ), Sun et al. ( 2021a ), Thakore et al. ( 2021 ) Social distance optimization Abulhassan and Davis ( 2021 ), Allcott et al.…”

Environmental friendly micro cold storage for last-mile Covid-19 vaccine logistics

“…In Norway, various coldtainers are investigated for their transportation cost and CO 2 emission. The various simulation and analysis studies concluded that a small box van (micro cold storage) has significant potential for CO 2 emission reduction (Sun et al 2021 ).…”