“…Given the inherent complexity of identifying sustainable land use patterns as discussed above, a number of heuristics have been developed to solve land use optimization problems, such as GA (Chandramouli et al, ; Cao et al, ; Cao, Huang, Wang, & Lin, ; Cao & Ye, ; Schwaab et al, ), simulated annealing (Caparros‐Midwood et al, ; Santé et al, ), particle swarm (Masoomi et al, ), and ant colony algorithms (Mi, Hou, Mi, & Song, ). For example, Aerts et al () applied both GA and simulated annealing to solve a goal programming model for land use allocation and found that the former had better performance in terms of both computational efficiency and quality of solutions.…”