A Simplified Overview of World Health Organization Classification Update of Central Nervous System Tumors 2016

Gupta, Anshu; Dwivedi, Tanima

doi:10.4103/jnrp.jnrp_168_17

Cited by 99 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…109 The diagnosis of GBM is based on the presence of several histological features including anaplasia, mitotic activity, microvascular proliferation and necrosis. 261 Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant status correlates with secondary GBM and better prognosis, possibly because IDH mutation increases genome-wide methylation. 262,263 Standard treatment is surgical resection followed by chemotherapy and radiation.…”

Section: Clinical Overview Of Glioblastomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissecting and rebuilding the glioblastoma microenvironment with engineered materials

et al. 2019

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Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and common form of primary brain cancer. Several decades of research have provided great insight into GBM progression; however, the prognosis remains poor with a median patient survival time of ~ 15 months. The tumour microenvironment (TME) of GBM plays a crucial role in mediating tumour progression and thus is being explored as a therapeutic target. Progress in the development of treatments targeting the TME is currently limited by a lack of model systems that can accurately recreate the distinct extracellular matrix composition and anatomic features of the brain, such as the blood-brain barrier and axonal tracts. Biomaterials can be applied to develop synthetic models of the GBM TME to mimic physiological and pathophysiological features of the brain, including cellular and ECM composition, mechanical properties, and topography. In this Review, we summarize key features of the GBM microenvironment and discuss different strategies for the engineering of GBM TME models, including 2D and 3D models featuring chemical and mechanical gradients, interfaces and fluid flow. Finally, we highlight the potential of engineered TME models as platforms for mechanistic discovery and drug screening as well as preclinical testing and precision medicine.

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Section: Clinical Overview Of Glioblastomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissecting and rebuilding the glioblastoma microenvironment with engineered materials

et al. 2019

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“…Among which, the WHO stage IV glioma, also known as glioblastoma, is the most malignant glioma. The median survival of patients with glioblastoma is <15 months [4,5]. Clinically, the WHO stage system is commonly used for prognostic prediction in glioma patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of CD44 and the survival in glioma: a meta-analysis

Song

et al. 2020

Bioscience Reports

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Background: Higher tumor expression of CD44, a marker of cancer stem cells (CSCs), is associated with poor overall survival (OS) in various cancers. However, the association between CD44 and poor OS remains inconsistent in glioma. We aimed to evaluate the potential predictive role of CD44 for prognosis of glioma patients in a meta-analysis. Methods: Observational studies comparing OS of glioma patients according to the level of CD44 were identified through searching PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane’s Library databases. Meta-analyses were performed with a random- or fixed-effect model according to the heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses were performed to evaluate the influences of study characteristics. Results: Eleven retrospective cohort studies were included. Results showed that increased CD44 expression in tumor predicted poor OS in glioma patients (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–1.97, P=0.04). Subgroup analyses showed that higher tumor CD44 expression significantly predicted poor OS in patients with World Health Organization (WHO) stages II–III glioma (HR: 2.99, 95% CI: 1.53–5.89, P=0.002), but not in patients with glioblastoma (HR: 1.26, 95% CI: 0.76–2.08, P=0.47; P for subgroup difference = 0.03). Results were not statistically different between subgroups according to patient ethnicity, sample size, CD44 detection method, CD44 cutoff, HR estimation, univariate or multivariate analysis, or median follow-up durations (P-values for subgroup difference all >0.10). Conclusion: Higher tumor expression of CD44 may predict poor survival in patients with glioma, particularly in those with WHO stage II–III glioma.

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“…The most common malignant brain tumors in adults are diffuse gliomas, which are further classified into astrocytomas (WHO Grade II and III), oligodendrogliomas (WHO Grade II and III), oligoastrocytoma (WHO Grade II and III), and glioblastomas (WHO Grade IV) [ 58 ]. The common genetic alterations found in astrocytomas occurs in p53 [ 59 ].…”

Section: P53 and Brain Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

A Glance of p53 Functions in Brain Development, Neural Stem Cells, and Brain Cancer

Xiong

Zhang

Xiong

et al. 2020

Biology

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p53 is one of the most intensively studied tumor suppressors. It transcriptionally regulates a broad range of genes to modulate a series of cellular events, including DNA damage repair, cell cycle arrest, senescence, apoptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, and metabolic remodeling, which are fundamental for both development and cancer. This review discusses the role of p53 in brain development, neural stem cell regulation and the mechanisms of inactivating p53 in gliomas. p53 null or p53 mutant mice show female biased exencephaly, potentially due to X chromosome inactivation failure and/or hormone-related gene expression. Oxidative cellular status, increased PI3K/Akt signaling, elevated ID1, and metabolism are all implicated in p53-loss induced neurogenesis. However, p53 has also been shown to promote neuronal differentiation. In addition, p53 mutations are frequently identified in brain tumors, especially glioblastomas. Mechanisms underlying p53 inactivation in brain tumor cells include disruption of p53 protein stability, gene expression and transactivation potential as well as p53 gene loss or mutation. Loss of p53 function and gain-of-function of mutant p53 are both implicated in brain development and tumor genesis. Further understanding of the role of p53 in the brain may provide therapeutic insights for brain developmental syndromes and cancer.

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A Simplified Overview of World Health Organization Classification Update of Central Nervous System Tumors 2016

Cited by 99 publications

References 6 publications

Dissecting and rebuilding the glioblastoma microenvironment with engineered materials

Dissecting and rebuilding the glioblastoma microenvironment with engineered materials

Expression of CD44 and the survival in glioma: a meta-analysis

A Glance of p53 Functions in Brain Development, Neural Stem Cells, and Brain Cancer

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