A Simplified Method to Distinguish Farmed (<i>Salmo salar</i>) from Wild Salmon: Fatty Acid Ratios Versus Astaxanthin Chiral Isomers

Megdal, Peter A.; Craft, Neal A.; Handelman, Garry J.

doi:10.1007/s11745-009-3294-6

Cited by 45 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Data may not provide reliable information with regard to previous feeding history. For fatty acid profiling of escaped salmon previously fed commercial diets, quantifying the main vegetable/terrestrial fatty acids (18:2n-6, 18:3n-3 and 18:1n-9) is sufficient to provide reliable information to identify recently escaped farmed fish (Megdal et al 2009. Although both TOT and TAG FAMEs can be used, we argue in favour of using TAG analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fatty acid profiling methods are already in use and have been used, e.g., to distinguish farmed from wild salmon (Molkentin et al 2007, Axelson et al 2009, Megdal et al 2009) and the feeding patterns of horse mackerel Trachurus mediterraneus around sea cages (Fernandez-Jover et al 2007). The application of the method varies between studies, which may affect interpretation of the data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved method for triacylglycerol-derived fatty acid profiling by various non-lethal and lethal sampling techniques in Atlantic salmon

Olsen

Taranger²,

Svåsand³

et al. 2013

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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The current paper compares the use of adipose fin and muscle biopsies as non-lethal sampling procedures, and the suitability of triacylglycerol (TAG) versus total lipid (TOT) fatty acid composition (fatty acid methyl esters, FAME) to estimate dietary history in farmed and wild maturing Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. TAG FAME gives best resemblance to dietary history. Fatty acid composition differs between tissues, and sample series should preferably be from 1 tissue only. TOT FAME supplies informative data on dietary history in fatty tissues, but differs from TAG FAME when total lipid levels are low. The reason is a larger contribution of phospholipid FAME. In wild maturing salmon, lipid content in adipose fin and muscle is low. TAG provides good data on dietary history, while TOT is less informative. Escapees are well identified analysing 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 fatty acids, which are high in commercial feed. For estimating a wider range of dietary history after escape (switch to wild prey), or feed preferences in wild fish, other fatty acids have to be taken into account. This requires the use of multivariate methods, like principal component analysis. Adipose fin and muscle biopsies are good alternatives for non-lethal sampling using the TAG method. The minimum amounts of samples to be used are proposed to be 0.5 to 1 g of adipose fin and 60 to 100 mg of muscle. The method of storage (liquid nitrogen/dry ice) does not affect fatty acid compositions. Other tissues can also be used for fatty acid profiling. Snout is a good alternative, being lipid-rich even in wild fish with low muscle lipid.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved method for triacylglycerol-derived fatty acid profiling by various non-lethal and lethal sampling techniques in Atlantic salmon

Olsen

Taranger²,

Svåsand³

et al. 2013

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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show abstract

“…As the fatty acid composition, in depot lipids in particular, is governed by that of the diet (Henderson & Tocher 1987, Torstensen et al 2005, any change in 18:2n-6, and other fatty acids, can be used an indicator of prey preference. The method has previously been shown to be well suited for distinguishing between escaped and wild salmon (Megdal et al 2009), and assessing the impact of fish farming on marine fish composition (Skog et al 2003, FernandezJover et al 2007.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding preference of recaptured Atlantic salmon Salmo salar following simulated escape from fish pens during autumn

Olsen¹,

Skilbrei²

2010

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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Escapes of farmed fish from coastal farms around the world are believed to have genetic and ecological consequences for wild fish populations. Each year there are numerous escapes of adult farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. However, survival until maturity appears to be low. One possible explanation is that many of these salmon have difficulties switching to live prey. To address this possibility, growth rate and dietary preference were recorded in recaptured salmon released in 3 groups from August to October 2008 within a small fjord in south-western Norway (Masfjord). The fish were primed with a commercial diet containing 11% of the 'vegetable oil marker' 18:2n-6 before release. In the 14.5 to 35.1% of fish recaptured, growth rates were generally good (0.21-1.23% d -1 of fish recaptured in main fjord > 2 mo after release), with body weight doubled or more for fish recaptured after 19 wk and thereafter. However, fish recaptured in a small arm of Masfjord (Hopsvåg) had a growth rate close to zero and were in poor condition. While stomachs of recaptured fish were generally empty in the first weeks after release, pellets from fish farms were found in more than 80% of the stomachs after 12 wk and thereafter. Additionally, the level of 18:2n-6 in depot lipids (11% of fatty acids) of the muscle indicated that none of the fish recaptured the following autumn and winter in the vicinity of the release site had switched to wild prey diets. Salmon that escape during autumn are unlikely to compete for prey with wild fish in the vicinity of the release site.

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“…There are many reports about the chemical components of pelagic sea water fish, in particular, on the fatty acids of fish, with growing recognition of the beneficial uses of dietary fish oils for humans [7][8][9]. As for a detailed determination of the fatty acid in freshwater species, little information has been available except for salmonids, such as rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss [10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in Lipid Characteristics Among Populations: Low‐Temperature Adaptability of Ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis

Xue

Okabe

Saito

2011

Lipids

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The lipid and fatty acid compositions of the total lipids of three cultured populations (migratory between fresh and salt water, Lake Biwa landlocked, and Setogawa River forms) of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, were investigated to clarify the difference in lipid characteristics and temperature adaptability among the three groups. Triacylglycerols were the dominant depot lipids of the three populations, while phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, were found to be the major components of the polar lipids, and their lipid classes are similar to each other. The major fatty acids in the triacylglycerols of all specimens were 16:0, 18:0, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-7, 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6 (linoleic acid), 20:5n-3 (EPA, icosapentaenoic acid), and 22:6n-3 (DHA, docosahexaenoic acid), similar to the tissue phospholipids of the three populations, 16:0, 18:0, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-7, 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, 20:4n-6, EPA, and DHA. All classes had high levels of 18:2n-6, which originates from their dietary lipids. Compared with the lower DHA levels of the triacylglycerols, the higher levels in the phospholipids suggest their selective accumulation or a biosynthetic pathway to DHA as in freshwater fish. Two populations (the migratory and Setogawa River forms) adapted to lower temperatures with comparatively high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for their membrane fluidities. With significantly higher levels of n-3 PUFA and total PUFA, the mean DHA content in the lipids of the Setogawa River form (the population that adapted to lower temperatures) was significantly higher than that of the migratory form. From these results, we concluded that the Setogawa River population actively concentrates long-chain PUFA in its polar lipids and has high adaptability to low temperature.

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A Simplified Method to Distinguish Farmed (Salmo salar) from Wild Salmon: Fatty Acid Ratios Versus Astaxanthin Chiral Isomers

Cited by 45 publications

References 32 publications

Improved method for triacylglycerol-derived fatty acid profiling by various non-lethal and lethal sampling techniques in Atlantic salmon

Improved method for triacylglycerol-derived fatty acid profiling by various non-lethal and lethal sampling techniques in Atlantic salmon

Feeding preference of recaptured Atlantic salmon Salmo salar following simulated escape from fish pens during autumn

Differences in Lipid Characteristics Among Populations: Low‐Temperature Adaptability of Ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis

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