A Simple Technique for the Measurement of Plasma Heparin Concentration during Anticoagulant Therapy

Marder, V.J

doi:10.1055/s-0038-1654229

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…As a check of statistical significance, the difference in percentage oflinear tetrads (oooo) between the tallies for anti-fragment D and anti-fragment E was evaluated with a standard test for the comparison of two percentages (35). In this (14,15), contrary reports notwithstanding (2-6), but they also show that the central sphere includes fragment E and the terminal spheres include fragments D, as had been suggested on the basis of biochemical experiments (9). Beyond this, we have been able to localize the middle portion of the 610-residue a-chain, from residues 241 to 476, as a protuberance extending away from each terminal domain, a feature that has not been identified by electron microscopy but has been surmised on the basis ofbiochemical experiments (13).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 50%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Shadow-cast electron microscopy of fibrinogen with antibody fragments bound to specific regions.

Price¹,

Strong²,

Rudee³

et al. 1981

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Specimens of human fibrinogen mixed with Fab fragments of antibodies that were specific for various portions of the fibrinogen molecule were tungsten shadow-cast and examined by electron microscopy. Typical trinodular fibrinogen molecules were observed when Fab fragments were omitted or when fragments from nonimmune sera were used. In the experimental fibrinogen-Fab preparations, a significant number of molecules were found with an extra nodule. In the case of Fab fragments from antibodies directed to fragment E, the additional nodule was attached to the central sphere of the fibrinogen molecule. Simi A in length. The model they developed on the basis oftheir micrographs consisted oftwo terminal spheres, each about 60 A in diameter, connected to a slightly smaller central sphere, the diameter ofwhich was estimated to be 50 A. The connections between the spheres were unresolvable and were assumed to be rods less than 15 A thick. In the ensuing period, electron microscopy changed rapidly, and shadow-casting procedures gave rise to negative-staining techniques. The latter led to a number ofreports indicatingthat fibrinogen was not a trinodular rod but was in fact-a large bloated or hollow ball (2-4). Indeed, the physicochemical properties of the molecule could be interpreted in different ways; primarily because of the difficulty in distinguishing asymmetry from hydration, and either of these extreme models could be accommodated satisfactorily. Subsequently, a series ofreports appeared that purported to show that the trinodular structure ofHall and Slayter was an artifact ofthe procedure used (5, 6).On the other hand, a considerable amount of biochemical support for the Hall and Slayter model has accumulated over the years, beginning withthe nature ofthe core fragments produced by limited proteolysis (7,8) and continuing with the actual kinetics of generation of those fragments, which included asymmetric intermediates of the sort that would be expected fromThe publication costs ofthis article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U. S. C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.cleavages between the spheres (9). A number of other experiments also provided additional, although less direct, support for a triglobular model (10-13).Recently, shadow-casting procedures have been revived for the study of fibrinogen, and once again trinodular structures of the sort shown by Hall and Slayter have been viewed (14,15). Furthermore, Fowler and Erickson (15) were even able to show a trinodular structure by negative-staining techniques, and Estis and Haschemeyer (16) observed a similar structure in unstained preparations. Moreover, a plethora of detailed biochemical data exist, all of which, including the complete amino acid sequence of the molecule and the exact arrangement of disulfide bonds that bridge the six subunit chains (17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22), are consistent with the Hall and Slayter model. The picture that has emerged is a po...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 50%

“…cleavages between the spheres (9). A number of other experiments also provided additional, although less direct, support for a triglobular model (10)(11)(12)(13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Shadow-cast electron microscopy of fibrinogen with antibody fragments bound to specific regions.

Price¹,

Strong²,

Rudee³

et al. 1981

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…The use of the partial thromboplastin time to monitor heparin activity has been shown by a number of studies to be a sensitive technique for the quantitation of plasma heparin concentrations [14,15,20,29,34]. Heparin activity in vitro as a function of the activated partial thromboplastin time (activated PTT) was determined in the pre sent study by a modification of Marder's [15] technique. Pooled plasma samples were heparinized in vitro by mixing 0.1 ml of a known heparin concentration with 0.9 ml of plasma to yield varying heparin activities.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmapheresis: the in vitro Distribution of Heparin in Plasma and Red Cell Fractions following Centrifugation

Mishler¹

1975

Vox Sanguinis

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A modified activated partial thromboplastin time (activated PTT) technique was employed in determining heparin concentration in plasma following centrifugation of whole blood. In reference to previous studies reporting heparin to be found essentially in the plasma, it was shown in the present study that following centrifugation of each bag of whole blood in a double-pheresis procedure, the approximate heparin distribution was 39.9 and 45.7% recovery in plasma for bags 1 and 2, respectively. It is suggested that heparin binding to cellular components may account for the low recovery in plasma. Activated PTTs conducted following reinfusion of red cell concentrates into donors were within normal values, and were consistent with the suggestion that heparin is bound to cellular components in vivo. The safety of the weekly injection of approximately 3,120 USP units of heparin into donors on a long-term basis is considered in the light of extensive data avilable from widespread systemic use.

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“…4 Blood transfusions may be neces¬ sary, and sometimes the adminis¬ tration of cryoprecipitate or fresh whole plasma is advisable to replace clotting factors missing because of the DIC. Certainly, re¬ moval of the instigating cause of DIC is paramount, ie, appropriate anti¬ biotic treatment for meningococcemia or Rocky Mountain spotted fe¬ ver.…”

Section: Bleeding and Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bleeding and Infection

Kisker¹,

Mauer²

1972

Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med

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A Simple Technique for the Measurement of Plasma Heparin Concentration during Anticoagulant Therapy

Cited by 18 publications

References 6 publications

Shadow-cast electron microscopy of fibrinogen with antibody fragments bound to specific regions.

Shadow-cast electron microscopy of fibrinogen with antibody fragments bound to specific regions.

Plasmapheresis: the in vitro Distribution of Heparin in Plasma and Red Cell Fractions following Centrifugation

Bleeding and Infection

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