In this work, the effect of capping agent effects on the structural, morphological, optical properties and photocatalytic removal of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye has been investigated. TiO 2 nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple, fast and ecofriendly sol-gel method, in the presence of various capping agents, including ethylenediamine, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), ethylene glycol, glucose and valine. The obtained TiO 2 nanoparticles have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray analysis, high resolution scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, UV-visible absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. XRD pattern reveals the polycrystalline nature of TiO 2 with anatase structure. The results revealed that the optical absorption band of TiO 2 nanoparticles varied by capping agents. PL spectra exhibited visible emissions due to the formation of defects in the band gap region of TiO 2 nanoparticles. The photocatalytic degradation of RhB dye by synthesized TiO 2 nanoparticles using different capping agents was investigated under UV irradiation and the results demonstrated that TiO 2 nanoparticles have appreciable photocatalytic activity for decomposing RhB dye when PVA was used as a capping agent. The results explained that the preparation of TiO 2 nanoparticles showed a high efficiency in the removal of organic dyes.