“…Embedded water pressure gauges are also used to measure water pressure at a specific location of interest, although they are laborious to install [Katayama, 2020]. The distribution of pore water pressure along the depth direction can also be measured by water pressure gauges at multiple depths in one observation hole, with a structure separating the different water pressures [Okuyama et al ., 2007 ;Schulz et al ., 2009].…”