“…UCNs have been used as luminescent reporters in a variety of assays, including immune-assay, bioaffinity assay, and DNA hybridization assay as alternatives to conventional labeling agents (Zijlmans, 1999;Hampl, 2001;Corstjens, 2008;Huang, 2009). A example was demonstrated by submicron-sized Y 2 O 2 S particles doped with Yb 3+ and Er 3+ ions for detection of human chorionic gonadotropin with a limit of 10 pg in a lateral flow (LF) immune-chromatographic assay format (Hampl, 2001).…”