A Simple Model for Automated Negotiations over Collaboration Agreements in ebXML

Augmenting digital documents with negotiation capability

“…For the bargaining model used in our approach it does not pose any problem, as an imprecisely guessed contract may just delay reaching an agreement -it will be rejected by the execution device and negotiations continued for a few more rounds. To speed that up and make parties more willing to compromise a discount factor δ ∈ (0, 1) may be used to diminish valuation of the next round offer compared to the presently considered one [2].…”

“…For h considered before we get seq(h) = 3, 2, 1, and generate <(4,3,1), (4,2,1), (3,2,1), (3,4,0), (2,4,0), (2,3,0)> with LE. Such vectors of pairs of offers derived from negotiation histories is put to a neural network along with the negotiated contracts to train it.…”

“…The question is how to organize the entire process, so that each party may get as much as it can in the current execution context. We have proposed for that a simple bargaining (economic) model [2] with a utility function valuating offers as a sum of element preferences along each respective CPP tree path. Offers are chosen by each partner from its tree, starting from the leftmost (most valuable) one.…”

“…Depending on the actual security policy they may consider their content protected or open, and the strain imposed on the execution device when executing the activity as heavy or light. We get 12 classes of documents, each with its own set of policy rules:{P S, RA, P A} × {protected, open} × {heavy, light}(2) …”

Bilateral multi-issue negotiation of execution contexts by proactive document agents

“…Moreover, the order in which these attributes have been defined is intended to reflect hierarchical dependency of negotiated issues. Below we just outline our coding scheme of attribute values; their detailed description could be found in Kaczorek (2015).…”