A simple Maxwellian optical system to investigate the photoreceptors contribution to pupillary light reflex

Gibertoni, Giovanni; Pinto, Valentina Di; Cattini, Stefano; Tramarin, Federico; Geiser, Martial; Rovati, Luigi

doi:10.1117/12.2608129

Cited by 3 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…As we furtherly describe later in Section 3.1, the system considered for this test case is constituted by four different primaries: Blue (468 nm), Green (523 nm), Yellow (593 nm), and Red (625 nm). The light intensity of each primary, in terms of radiant flux (W), accordingly to our driving technique, 24,25 is proportional to the LED's forward current I F and therefore to the Duty Cycle (DC ∈ [0 − 100%) used to activate the specific source. To improve the accuracy of the generated light stimuli, we performed a calibration of the system by measuring the output beam radiant flux (W) with an optical power meter 1918R model by Newport (Irvine, CA, USA) with 918d-uv-od3 optical head † at different DC levels (10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 100%).…”

Section: System Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The device used for this experiment is an upgraded version of the monocular pupillometer presented in our previous work, "A simple Maxwellian optical system to investigate the photoreceptors contribution to pupillary light reflex". 24 The device schematic diagram, depicted in Figure 2, consists of a double-lens optical scheme that includes four fiber-coupled high-brightness BGRY LED light sources and a board-level 6.4 MPx CMOS camera, that is used to acquire grayscale images of the human eye. As described in, 24,28 the optical design of the instrument presents several advantages in the field of pupillometry.…”

Section: System Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Silent stimulation of cones: a comparison between the ERG and PLR responses

Gibertoni¹,

Irungovel²,

Viswanáthan³

et al. 2023

Ophthalmic Technologies XXXIII

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The Electroretinogram measures the overall electrical activity of the retina in response to light stimulation, while the dynamics of Pupillary Light Reflex reveal information about how the visual pathway innervates the iris muscles in response to such stimuli. By simultaneously evaluating PLR and ERG responses, a deeper understanding of both image-forming and non-image-forming mechanisms of the human visual system can be gained. Additionally, ERG and PLR responses to bursts of light are contributed by all primary classes of photoreceptors, including rods, (L-M-S) cones, and intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells (ipRGCs). This study presents and tests a low-cost, Maxwellian view-based optical setup that can be used to acquire synchronous PLR and ERG recordings with silent stimulation techniques on cones photoreceptors in human subjects.

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Section: System Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: System Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silent stimulation of cones: a comparison between the ERG and PLR responses

Gibertoni¹,

Irungovel²,

Viswanáthan³

et al. 2023

Ophthalmic Technologies XXXIII

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The system used for this experiment is a Maxwellian-view -based monocular pupillometer [ 53 ] with a configurable BGRY LED-based light source and a board-level CMOS camera used to acquire grayscale images of the human eye. As described in [ 21 ], the optical design of the instrument presents several advantages in the field of pupillometry. In particular, the two lense stages allows precise control of the light stimulation level of the retina while avoiding the utilization of pupil dilation.…”

Section: Popeye Datasetmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Optical diagram of the Pupillary Light Reflex instrument [ 21 ] used to collect data. The Infra-Red Light optical path (dashed purple line), i.e., the acquisition path , allows eye recording while eye stimulation is achieved through the Visible Light optical path (dashed yellow line).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our work, we consider the image acquisition system of an ophthalmic instrument (an in-depth description is available in the original paper [ 21 ]) specifically designed and realized for the analysis of Pupillary Light Reflex (PLR) [ 22 ], i.e., the measurement of the diameter of the pupil in response to specific light stimulation. A schematic drawing of the instrument is depicted in Figure 1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vision-Based Eye Image Classification for Ophthalmic Measurement Systems

Gibertoni

Borghi

Rovati

2022

Sensors

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The accuracy and the overall performances of ophthalmic instrumentation, where specific analysis of eye images is involved, can be negatively influenced by invalid or incorrect frames acquired during everyday measurements of unaware or non-collaborative human patients and non-technical operators. Therefore, in this paper, we investigate and compare the adoption of several vision-based classification algorithms belonging to different fields, i.e., Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and Expert Systems, in order to improve the performance of an ophthalmic instrument designed for the Pupillary Light Reflex measurement. To test the implemented solutions, we collected and publicly released PopEYE as one of the first datasets consisting of 15 k eye images belonging to 22 different subjects acquired through the aforementioned specialized ophthalmic device. Finally, we discuss the experimental results in terms of classification accuracy of the eye status, as well as computational load analysis, since the proposed solution is designed to be implemented in embedded boards, which have limited hardware resources in computational power and memory size.

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Compact High-Resolution Multi-Wavelength LED Light Source for Eye Stimulation

Gibertoni,

Borghi,

Rovati

2024

Electronics

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Eye stimulation research plays a critical role in advancing our understanding of visual processing and developing new therapies for visual impairments. Despite its importance, researchers and clinicians still face challenges with the availability of cost-effective, precise, and versatile tools for conducting these studies. Therefore, this study introduces a high-resolution, compact, and budget-friendly multi-wavelength LED light source tailored for precise and versatile eye stimulation, addressing the aforementioned needs in medical research and visual science. Accommodating standard 3 mm or 5 mm package LEDs, the system boasts broad compatibility, while its integration with any microcontroller capable of PWM generation and supporting SPI and UART communication ensures adaptability across diverse applications. Operating at high resolution (18 bits or more) with great linearity, the LED light source offers nuanced control for sophisticated eye stimulation protocols. The simple 3D printable optical design allows the coupling of up to seven different wavelengths while ensuring the cost-effectiveness of the device. The system’s output has been designed to be fiber-coupled with standard SMA connectors to be compatible with most solutions. The proposed implementation significantly undercuts the cost of commercially available solutions, providing a viable, budget-friendly option for advancing eye stimulation research.

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A simple Maxwellian optical system to investigate the photoreceptors contribution to pupillary light reflex

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Cited by 3 publications

References 19 publications

Silent stimulation of cones: a comparison between the ERG and PLR responses

Silent stimulation of cones: a comparison between the ERG and PLR responses

Vision-Based Eye Image Classification for Ophthalmic Measurement Systems

Compact High-Resolution Multi-Wavelength LED Light Source for Eye Stimulation

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