A simple liposome-based bionic bacterium for tumor treatment by re-education of tumor-associated microphages in combination with chemotherapy

Nanomaterials modulate tumor-associated macrophages for the treatment of digestive system tumors

“…Consequently, TAM modulation using nanomaterials provides new possibilities for HCC treatment. Nanomaterials impede TAM infiltration [ [178] , [179] , [180] ], modulate their polarization [ [181] , [182] , [183] , [184] , [185] , [186] , [187] , [188] , [189] , [190] , [191] , [192] , [193] , [194] , [195] , [196] , [197] , [198] , [199] , [200] , [201] , [202] , [203] , [204] , [205] ], and eliminate M2-type TAMs within tumor tissues [ 206 ], thereby effectively impeding HCC onset and progression ( Fig. 5 , Fig.…”

“…In Sections 3 , 2.1.2 .1.1, nanomaterials effectively treated GC and CRC by regulating the NF-kB signaling pathway in M2-type TAMs. In HCC treatment, nanomaterials have been specifically engineered to target TAMs, thereby regulating the Nf-κb signaling pathway by modulating TLR, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), IKKβ (IkappaB kinaseβ), and ROS in TAMs [ [184] , [185] , [186] , [187] , [188] , [189] , [190] , [191] , [192] , [193] , [194] , [195] , [196] , [197] , [198] , 205 ] ( Fig. 7 ).…”

“…Bacterial therapy offers novel strategies for targeting tumors and stimulating both the innate and adaptive immune systems, resulting in altered TME immunodynamics [ 247 ]. In the following sections, we discuss the inhibitory effects of nanomaterials modified with bacterial derivatives on HCC growth via TAM polarization [ 186 , 187 ] ( Fig. 8 ).…”

“…Meng et al combined chemotherapeutic drugs with biomimetic bacteria to induce TAM polarization into the M1 phenotype and suppress invasion and metastasis in HCC [ 186 ]. They developed a liposome-based bionic bacterium by incorporating the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) into liposomes and encapsulating DOX to create DOX@Bio-Bac [ 186 ]. In a mouse model of HCC lymphatic metastasis, DOX@Bio-Bac facilitated TAM polarization towards the M1 phenotype and triggered apoptosis in HCC cells [ 186 ].…”

“…They developed a liposome-based bionic bacterium by incorporating the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) into liposomes and encapsulating DOX to create DOX@Bio-Bac [ 186 ]. In a mouse model of HCC lymphatic metastasis, DOX@Bio-Bac facilitated TAM polarization towards the M1 phenotype and triggered apoptosis in HCC cells [ 186 ]. Edson et al used cell membrane-derived NPs loaded with si-Myc and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) derived from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to produce MNPs-MPLA-siRNA, which specifically targets HCC cells and monocytes [ 187 ].…”