A simple, inexpensive urine test of smoking.

Peach, H; Ellard, G. A.; Jenner, P J; Morris, RW

doi:10.1136/thx.40.5.351

Cited by 81 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…Serum level of NO measured by colorimetric method as total nitrite concentration [13]. Cotinine measured by chemical method according to Peach et al [14]. Briefly, 0.5 ml of sample pipetted into small test tube with 4 M acetate buffer (0.2 ml), pH 4.7.…”

Section: Biochemical Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and Biochemical Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoking On Pregnancy Outcome

et al. 2012

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The effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) are less studied especially on neonates. This study evaluates the clinical and biochemical effects in neonates exposed to ETS during pregnancy. Two hundred pregnant women asked to complete the questioners about their ETS. Ninety from them were enrolled in biochemical assays as two groups according to ETS. The cotinine level determined in saliva and serum of mothers to confirm their tobacco exposure. The routine tracheal suction from the fetus was used to determine the level of neuron specific enolase (NSE), soluble E-cadherin, sApo-1/Fas, nitric oxide (NO) and cotinine. In clinical assessment, the percent of full term babies in nonexposed group (72 %) are higher compared to exposed group (67 %). Apgar score at the first min, admission to intensive care unit (ICU) and morbidity during the first month shows statistical significance increase in exposed compared to non-exposed group (p = 0.03, 0.05, 0.01, respectively). The new born weight in exposed group significantly decreased compared to non-exposed group (2,850 g ± 3.74 vs 2,967.67 g ± 3.34; p = 0.02). In biochemical assessment, NSE and sE-cadherin significantly increased, while NO significantly decreased (p = 0.000) in exposed compared to non-exposed group. There is a positive correlation between level of cotinine and both NSE, sE-cadherin (r = 0.7, 0.9; p = 0.000, 0.006, respectively). To our knowledge, this is the first study link between prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) and biochemical parameters measured in tracheal suction. PTE will lead to decrease in birth weight most probably by decreasing NO, sFas, and increasing sE-cadherin. While, increased morbidity of neonates in the exposed group could be attributed to cessation of breast feeding and its complication and increased NSE in the studied markers.

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Section: Biochemical Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and Biochemical Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoking On Pregnancy Outcome

et al. 2012

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“…Cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine, has a half life of 24 hours and is readily detectable in the smoker's urine even several days after the smoker has terminated smoking. Urine samples were collected in clean plastic containers to measure urinary levels of cotinine [11], and the basic technique used was based on spectrophotometric assessment at wavelength 532 nm. Laboratory workups were performed in the laboratory of the Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital.…”

Section: Urinary Cotinine Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2015

AOVS

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We compared the biomechanical properties of corneas in eyes of healthy chronic smokers and non-smokers. In this prospective, comparative, and cross-sectional study, 50 eyes of 50 healthy chronic smokers (Study group) and 50 eyes of 50 agematched, healthy non-smokers (Control group) were enrolled. The corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) were measured intwo groups using the Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA). Differences in the corneal biomechanical properties were determined using an independent-samples t test. Urine samples were collected to measure urinary levels of cotinine. Correlations between the number of cigarettes smoked per day, smoking duration, age, and CH-CRF values in the smokers group were also evaluated. Mean CH was 10.63±2.08 (SD) mmHg and 10.57±1.45 mmHg and the mean CRF was 10.53±1.81 mmHg and 10.27±1.77 mmHg in the smoker and control groups, respectively (p>0.05). CH and CRF were not correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day, smoking duration, or age. The findings indicate that cigarette smoking does not affect corneal biomechanical parameters such as CH and CRF. In addition, CH and CRF are not affected by the number of cigarettes smoked per day, smoking duration, or age. Keywords 2/4 Results and Discussion Demographic FindingsIn this study, 50 eyes of 50 healthy chronic smokers admitted to our department were included. As a control group, 50 eyes of 50 age-matched, healthy non-smokers were included. The mean ± SD age of the included subjects was 36.28±5.91 years (range 28-48) and 35.02±5.83 years (range 27-49 years) for the smokers group and the non-smokers group, respectively (p ˃0.05). On average, smokers smoked 16.70±8.00 (range 10-30) cigarettes per day and had been smoking for 12.20±3.01 (range 10-20) years.). The characteristics of the two groups of subjects are shown in (Table 1). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups with regard to gender, AL, and CCT distributions (p˃0.05).Cotinine levels in the urine were 44.2±9.8 ng/ml in nonsmokers and 2439±451 ng/ml in smokers (p˂0.05). These data clearly indicate that the smokers were accurately selected, because the urine cotinine concentration in nonsmokers is normally below 500 ng/ml [14]. Biomechanical Parameters (CH and CRF) Urinary Cotinine ConcentrationTo distinguish objectively between smokers and nonsmokers, it was necessary to determine the level of cotinine in the urine. Cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine, has a half life of 24 hours and is readily detectable in the smoker's urine even several days after the smoker has terminated smoking. Urine samples were collected in clean plastic containers to measure urinary levels of cotinine [11], and the basic technique used was based on spectrophotometric assessment at wavelength 532 nm. Laboratory workups were performed in the laboratory of the Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital. The influence of diuresis on urinary cotinine concentrations was corrected using the method described by T...

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“…Analytical methods Active smokers were identified at the National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK by testing all the urine samples using the qualitative diethylthiobarbituric acid extraction method for the presence of nicotine and its pyridylcontaining metabolites (Peach et al, 1985). A positive result was indicated by the presence of pink-red chromophores that largely partitioned into the ethyl acetate phase.…”

Section: Participants and Methdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies of cotinine blood levels (Benowitz et al, 1983), comparisons of nicotine blood levels after intravenous dosage and ad libitum smoking (Benowitz and Jacob, 1984) and urinary TNM excretion (Peach et al, 1985) have all shown that individual smokers differ greatly in the efficiencies with which they smoke their cigarettes. Recently studies employing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques for specifically estimating all the major metabolites of nicotine have shown that the proportions of inhaled nicotine doses eliminated in the urine as cotinine by active smokers vary greatly between individuals (Byrd et al, 1992;Benowitz et al, 1994 (De Waard et al, 1995).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…A detailed description of the identification of the lung cancer cases, logistics of the collection and retrieval of the urine samples, and the GC-MS determination of their cotimine concentrations is given in the accompanying paper (De Waard et al. 1995).Analytical methods Active smokers were identified at the National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK by testing all the urine samples using the qualitative diethylthiobarbituric acid extraction method for the presence of nicotine and its pyridylcontaining metabolites (Peach et al, 1985). A positive result was indicated by the presence of pink-red chromophores that largely partitioned into the ethyl acetate phase.…”

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confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Urinary nicotine metabolite excretion and lung cancer risk in a female cohort

Ellard¹,

Waard²,

Kemmeren³

1995

Br J Cancer

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Summanr A nested lung cancer case-control study was carried out using 397 12 h unrne samples originally collected from a cohort of over 26 000 women aged 40-64 at entry who were then followed for up to 15 years. The urine samples from active smokers were first identified using a simple qualitative method and their total nicotine metabolites creatinine ratios then determined by automated colorimetric methods. The results obtained demonstrated the capacity of nicotine metabolite estimations in a single 12 h sample of unrne to predict the subsequent risk of lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer among the biochemically proven active smokers during this period was 7.8 times that of the non-smokers, suggesting that the dose-response relationship between smoking and lung cancer is no less steep in women than in men. The smoking-related risk of adenocarcinoma was less than that of other lung carcinomas. It is suggested that this biochemical epidemiology approach to exploring the relationship between smoking and lung cancer could profitably be applied to the study of other smoking-related diseases.Keywords: smoking: lung cancer nrsk; nicotine metabolitesThe limitations to studying the dose dependence of lung cancer among active or passive smokers using self-reported daily cigarette consumptions or exposures to environmental tobacco smoke have been discussed in our companion paper (De Waard et al., 1995). This paper then described the successful application of a direct biochemical epidemiological approach in which the risks of developing lung cancer among both active and passive smokers were shown to be highly correlated with the ratios of cotinine,/creatinine in single 12 h urine samples collected up to 15 years previously.Previously the most widely used direct methods for assessing the relative inhalation of tobacco smoke by active smokers have been to determine the plasma, salivary or urinary concentrations of the nicotine metabolite cotinine using either gas-liquid chromatographic or radioimmunoassay methods (Hill et al.. 1983;Jarvis et al.. 1984;Russell et al., 1986;Armitage et al.. 1988;Wall et al.. 1988;Woodward et al.. 1991). Simpler. cheaper and more rapid manual and automated colorimetnrc methods have also been reported to identify active smokers and to estimate their unrnary concentrations of nicotine together with cotinine and all their other pyridyl-containing metabolites (total nicotine metabolites. TNM) (Peach et al.. 1985;Barlow et al., 1987;Puhakainen et al., 1987;Withey et al.. 1992).Studies of cotinine blood levels (Benowitz et al., 1983), comparisons of nicotine blood levels after intravenous dosage and ad libitum smoking (Benowitz and Jacob, 1984) and urinary TNM excretion (Peach et al., 1985) have all shown that individual smokers differ greatly in the efficiencies with which they smoke their cigarettes. Recently studies employing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques for specifically estimating all the major metabolites of nicotine have shown that the proportions of inhaled nicotine...

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A simple, inexpensive urine test of smoking.

Cited by 81 publications

References 21 publications

Clinical and Biochemical Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoking On Pregnancy Outcome

Clinical and Biochemical Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoking On Pregnancy Outcome

Untitled

Urinary nicotine metabolite excretion and lung cancer risk in a female cohort

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