A Simple Calibration Procedure for an LPIT plus PMU System Under Off-Nominal Conditions

Mingotti, Alessandro; Peretto, Lorenzo; Tinarelli, Roberto; Angioni, Andrea; Monti, Antonello; Ponci, Ferdinanda

doi:10.3390/en12244645

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Some works in the literature investigated this way. For example, [ 96 ] addressed the topic, considering a very complex measurement chain consisting of sensors plus PMUs. Two potential solutions are conceivable: (a) installing an additional IT dedicated to measuring the SH frequency range with the discussed amplitudes, or (b) replacing all inadequate ITs with units capable of covering the entire frequency range between 50 Hz and 150 kHz, and whereas both solutions entail considerable challenges and expenses, their phased implementation over several years could align with the economic and physical constraints of the system operator.…”

Section: Lessons Learned and Compatibility Levels For The Sh Intervalmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Supraharmonic Distortion in MV and LV AC Grids

Mariscotti,

Mingotti

2024

Sensors

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Since the integration of electronic devices and intelligent electronic devices into the power grid, power quality (PQ) has consistently remained a significant concern for system operators and experts. Maintaining high standards of power quality is crucial to preventing malfunctions and faults in electric assets and connected loads. Recently, PQ studies have shifted their focus to a specific frequency range, previously not considered problematic—the supraharmonic 2 kHz to 150 kHz range. This range is not populated by easily recognizable harmonic components of the 50 Hz to 60 Hz mains fundamental, but by a combination of intentional emissions, switching non-linearities and byproducts, and various types of resonances. This paper aims to provide a detailed analysis of the impact of supraharmonics (SHs) on power network operation and assets, focusing on the most relevant documented negative effects, namely power loss and the heating of grid elements, aging of dielectric materials, failure of medium voltage (MV) cable terminations, and interference with equipment and power line communication (PLC) technology in particular. Under some shareable assumptions, limits are derived and compared to existing ones for harmonic phenomena, providing a clear identification of the primary issues associated with supraharmonics and suggestions for the standardization process. Strictly related is the problem of grid monitoring and assessment of SH distortion, discussing the suitability of normative requirements for instrument transformers (ITs) with a specific focus on their accuracy.

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Section: Lessons Learned and Compatibility Levels For The Sh Intervalmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Supraharmonic Distortion in MV and LV AC Grids

Mariscotti,

Mingotti

2024

Sensors

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“…Modeling is used in [ 12 ] for Rogowski coils, in [ 13 ] for an innovative current transformer (CT), and in [ 14 ] for legacy CTs. In [ 15 ], LPITs are characterized inside a realistic measurement chain containing phasor measurement units (PMUs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel and Simplified Procedure to Test Immunity of Low-Power Voltage Transformers

Mingotti

Peretto

Tinarelli

2022

Sensors

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International technical committees put considerable efforts into the writing process of standards. They always try to find a tradeoff between the rigorous scientific requirements and the practical needs of manufacturers and final users. In addition, researchers keep investigating to improve the existing standards with new procedures, achievements, and findings. The purpose of this work is to contribute to that direction. It introduces a simplified and low-cost procedure to test low-power voltage transformers (LPVTs). The procedure is designed to assess the immunity of LPVTs when subjected to external electric fields. The need for this procedure comes from the existing immunity test, which is efficient but sometimes difficult to implement. The proposed one, instead, is simpler, cheaper, does not require the application of the rated voltage, and can be replicated at all voltage levels. In the paper, the procedure is described and demonstrated with experimental tests. From the results, it is possible to appreciate the validity of the proposed solution and the different ways it could be developed, implemented, and improved.

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“…Unfortunately the cost of the numerical computations is not specified. Transformation accuracy of the low-power CTs (non-conventional instrument CT) is by principle of their operation independent from this phenomenon [3,7,[17][18][19][20][21][22]. In the case of inductive voltage transformer it should be noticed that the fundamental component is considerably larger than all other harmonics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinearity of Magnetic Core in Evaluation of Current and Phase Errors of Transformation of Higher Harmonics of Distorted Current by Inductive Current Transformers

Kaczmarek

Stano

2020

IEEE Access

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The novelty of the paper contributes to the increase of the reliability of the methods used for evaluation of the inductive CTs accuracy of transformation of the distorted current. The results of performed analyses shows that the values of current and phase errors of transformation of the low order higher harmonics by inductive CT depends significantly from the phase angle between transformed higher harmonics of the distorted primary current and the self-generated higher harmonics of the secondary current. Moreover, higher harmonics of the distorted primary current may increase the peak value of the magnetic flux density in the magnetic core. Then the impact of the self-generated low order harmonics resulting from the nonlinearity of the magnetic core on values of current and phase errors of transformation of the higher harmonics of the distorted primary current is increased. Proposed evaluation procedure enables determination of the maximum values of current and phase errors of transformation of the higher harmonics of the distorted primary current. It is essential to determine the accuracy class. In such approach the impact of the secondary current's distortion caused by the nonlinearity of the magnetic core and the influence of the harmonic distortion on the peak value of the magnetic flux density are considered. Therefore, transformation accuracy of tested CT is ensured for specified range and type of the load of the secondary winding, rms values of primary current and its distortion. INDEX TERMS inductive current transformer, nonlinearity of magnetic core, transformation accuracy, distorted current, power quality, composite error, current and phase errors at harmonics.

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A Simple Calibration Procedure for an LPIT plus PMU System Under Off-Nominal Conditions

Cited by 12 publications

References 33 publications

The Effects of Supraharmonic Distortion in MV and LV AC Grids

The Effects of Supraharmonic Distortion in MV and LV AC Grids

Novel and Simplified Procedure to Test Immunity of Low-Power Voltage Transformers

Nonlinearity of Magnetic Core in Evaluation of Current and Phase Errors of Transformation of Higher Harmonics of Distorted Current by Inductive Current Transformers

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