A Simple and Reliable Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction with Smartphone-Based Digital Images for Determination of Carbaryl Residues in Andrographis paniculata Herbal Medicines Using Simple Peroxidase Extract from Senna siamea Lam. Bark

Abstract

A simple and reliable dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled with smartphone-based digital images using crude peroxidase extracts from cassia bark (Senna siamea Lam.) was proposed to determine carbaryl residues in Andrographis paniculata herbal medicines. The method was based on the reaction of 1-naphthol (hydrolysis of carbaryl) with 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AP) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, using peroxidase enzyme simple extracts from cassia bark as biocatalysts under pH 6.0. The red product, after preconcentration by DLLME using dichloromethane as extraction solvent, was measured for blue intensity by daily life smartphone-based digital image analysis. Under optimized conditions, good linearity of the calibration graph was found at 0.10–0.50 mg·L−1 (r2 = 0.9932). Limits of detection (LOD) (3SD/slope) and quantification (LOQ) (10SD/slope) were 0.03 and 0.09 mg·L−1, respectively, with a precision of less than 5%. Accuracy of the proposed method as percentage recovery gave satisfactory results. The proposed method was successfully applied to analyze carbaryl in Andrographis paniculata herbal medicines. Results agreed well with values obtained from the HPLC-UV method at 95% confidence level. This was simple, convenient, reliable, cost-effective and traceable as an alternative method for the determination of carbaryl.

Dispersive surfactant micelle-mediated extraction combined with a smartphone-based portable colorimeter: a cost-effective and simple approach for cobalt determination

“…in many cases. 25,26 Additionally, the relatively higher quantities of the disperser solvent (in the mL range) can lead to the partial dissolution of the target analytes in the aqueous sample. 27 In recent decades, surfactant-based coacervation extractions have garnered substantial attention within the realm of sample pretreatment due to their simplicity, speed, cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and highly efficient preconcentration capabilities, as compared to traditional liquid-liquid extractions.…”

“…in many cases. 25,26 Additionally, the relatively higher quantities of the disperser solvent (in the mL range) can lead to the partial dissolution of the target analytes in the aqueous sample. 27…”

Sustainable Downscaled Catalytic Colorimetric Determination of Manganese in Freshwater Using Smartphone-Based Monitoring Oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethylbenzidine by Periodate

“…However, these alternative methods require specially designed equipment. Digital imaging, incorporating widely accessible smartphone cameras and image processing software, has recently become a choice of colorimetric analytical alternative sensing methods [ 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Using a digital color analyzer, “colors” are measured and converted into numerical values.…”

“…By selecting a chemical reaction, a procedure can be developed for accuracy, precision, sensitivity, selectivity and sample throughput. The technique is useful to determine inorganic analytes such as calcium and magnesium in biodiesel [ 25 ] and organic species such as carbaryl residues in herbal medicines [ 21 ], formaldehyde in seafood [ 22 ] and antioxidant activity of Miang (fermented tea) [ 23 ]. The digital image colorimetric technique employing a scanner as a detector has been reported to determine manganese in water using mixed reagents 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and a paper-based analytical platform [ 26 ].…”