A Simple and Fast Electrochemical CO₂ Sensor Based on Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ for Environmental Monitoring

Abstract

arise to monitor local CO 2 concentration in order to improve energy efficiency and feedback loops on exhausts as data through small sensing devices. Gas sensors integrated as control units into buildings infrastructure, vehicles, smartphones, and wearable devices contribute to real-time georeferenced chemical tracking, working as well as the feedback units to educate consumers and industry. That would allow not only to monitor large-scale industrial CO 2 emission from power generation, food production, or packaging industries, [7] but also emission from nonindustrial buildings in order to improve energy efficiency of households and commercial areas. CO 2 monitoring is also essential for air-quality control of confined spaces such as office/ laboratory areas or marine vessels, where increased carbon dioxide concentration may not only influence laborers' well-being but also serves to assure their safety. Moreover, CO 2 tracking plays a major role in medical diagnosis for respiratory diseases and sleep disorder. [8,9] Nowadays popular CO 2 tracking devices are based on Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, showing very good accuracy (±30 ppm of CO 2 , ±2%), selectivity, and fast response times (<20 s.). [10] The nondispersive infrared CO 2 tracking devices are, however, limited by a narrow temperature operation window (0-50 °C), power consumption of around 40 mW for devices being operated in a pulsing mode rather than continuous and also show rather limited potential for further miniaturization due to optical configuration. [11,12] A promising alternative to those rather expensive devices lies in electrochemical potentiometric CO 2 sensors.In general, an electrochemical potentiometric gas sensor has a simple structure of an electrochemical cell, consisting of three functional components, namely, a sensing electrode, a solid-state electrolyte, and a reference electrode (RE). In such an arrangement, it is the selectivity of the electrode materials, which are used to detect gaseous species that is defining an electromotive force (EMF) of the cell, measured as a cell potential. Potential, as an intrinsic property, is independent on geometry or mass changes of the device, offering high scalability potential for future miniaturization. Here, the EMF manifested as voltage through the cell is related to the relative partial pressure of detected specimen at the electrodes as postulated by the Nernst equation. [13] Depending on the relation between gas and mobile specimen in the solid electrolyte, three types of potentiometric gas sensors can be distinguished, according to Weppner's classification [14] (Figure 1).In the goal of a sustainable energy future, either the energy efficiency of renewable energy sources is increased, day-to-day energy consumption by smart electronic feedback loops is managed in a more efficient way, or contribution to atmospheric CO 2 is reduced. By defining a next generation of fast-response electrochemical CO 2 sensors and materials, one can contribute to local monitoring of CO 2 flows from ind...

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