“…Water and soil contamination by potentially toxic elements (PTE) is a global concern because it threatens food security and human health ( Bui et al, 2016 , da Silva Júnior et al, 2019 , Deng et al, 2021 , Pereira et al, 2021 ). Soil contamination comes mainly from industrial and urban waste, excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides, and air pollution ( Ahmed et al, 2019 ); as well as, soil erosion, lithogenesis, weathering, and geological processes ( Alfaro et al, 2019 ).…”